<div dir="ltr">For what it's worth, customary international law has been defined as follows:<div><br><div><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21px"><em>Customary international law</em> refers to international obligations arising from established state practice, as opposed to obligations arising from formal written <a href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/International_conventions" title="reference on international treaties" target="_self" style="color:rgb(0,92,114);background:0px 0px">international treaties</a>. According to Article 38(1)(b) of the <a href="http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0" style="color:rgb(0,92,114);background:0px 0px">ICJ Statute</a>, customary international law is one of the <a href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Sources_of_international_law" title="reference on sources of international law" target="_self" style="color:rgb(0,92,114);background:0px 0px">sources of international law</a>. Customary international law can be established by showing (1) state practice and (2) <a href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/opinio_juris_(international_law)" title="reference on opinio juris" target="_self" style="color:rgb(0,92,114);background:0px 0px">opinio juris</a>. <br></p><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21px">Put another way, “customary international law” results from a general and consistent practice of states that they follow from a sense of legal obligation.</p><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:Verdana,'Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:21px">Malcolm N. Shaw, <em>International Law</em> 80 (5th ed., Cambridge, 2003).<br></p><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px"><font color="#333333" face="Verdana, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px;line-height:21px"><a href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/customary_international_law">http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/customary_international_law</a></span></font><br></p><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px"><br></p><p style="margin:0px 0px 10px">Greg Shatan</p></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;background-image:initial;background-repeat:initial"><b><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(23,54,93)">Gregory S. 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<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Dec 16, 2014 at 12:24 PM, Carl Schonander <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:cschonander@siia.net" target="_blank">cschonander@siia.net</a>></span> wrote:<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">The full body of international law meaning legally binding treaties as well as customary international law. Carl<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Dr Eberhard W Lisse [mailto:<a href="mailto:el@lisse.na" target="_blank">el@lisse.na</a>] <br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, December 16, 2014 12:03 PM<br><b>To:</b> Carl Schonander<br><b>Cc:</b> Steve DelBianco; Bruce Tonkin; Accountability Cross Community</span></p><div><div class="h5"><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [CCWG-Accountability] Related work on ICANN's Public Interest<u></u><u></u></div></div><p></p></div></div><div><div class="h5"><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><p class="MsoNormal">Excellent.<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">What International Law would you be referring to?<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">el<br><br>Sent from Dr Lisse's iPad mini<u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>On Dec 16, 2014, at 18:44, Carl Schonander <<a href="mailto:cschonander@SIIA.net" target="_blank">cschonander@SIIA.net</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Steve et all:</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Would like to propose the inclusion of the following sentence in between the last two sentences of the proposed definition. “Respect for international and national law is essential.” </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d">Carl</span><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1f497d"> </span><u></u><u></u></p><div><div style="border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> <a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org" target="_blank">accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org</a> [<a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org" target="_blank">mailto:accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Steve DelBianco<br><b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, December 16, 2014 7:34 AM<br><b>To:</b> Bruce Tonkin; Accountability Cross Community<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [CCWG-Accountability] Related work on ICANN's Public Interest</span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">As mentioned on today’s call, here is a proposed definition for global public interest in the context of ICANN:</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">The 'public' part of public interest is concerned more with users and registrants than with contracted parties and others who are deeply involved at ICANN. </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">And the public interest in ICANN decisions is broader than just a secure and stable DNS. Namely, users and registrants want ICANN to make sure the DNS delivers two essential and measurable qualities: <b><span style="color:black">Availability</span></b> and <b>Integrity, </b>of <b>Registrations and Resolutions</b></span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style="margin-left:30.0pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Availability </span></b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">of the DNS is critical for global users who increasingly rely on the Internet for information, communications, and commerce. Domain name resolutions need to be available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, from anywhere on the globe. Availability also means being able to use any language and any script for both generic and country-code domains and email addresses.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Availability can also apply to domain names sought by registrants: will domains in new gTLDs be available to the public, or will they be captured by insiders? That kind of availability should also be part of the public interest test for ICANN decisions.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Integrity</span></b><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> of the DNS is vital to registrants and end-users of the Internet. Registrants rely upon the integrity of domain name registration to ensure that their identities are not misrepresented or misappropriated. E-commerce and Internet financial transactions absolutely require integrity in resolution of domain names and secure delivery of encrypted data.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Internet users depend upon the integrity of domain name services to provide accurate and authentic results when they look up a website or send an email. Integrity is undermined by deceptive practices such as redirecting users to fraudulent websites or providing false information about the true owner of a web domain.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div></blockquote><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">I encourage further discussion on the concept of global public interest in our CCWG. This term is too important to leave undefined or let a few individuals define it to fit their own agenda. If we allow 'public interest' to mean anything and everything, it will end up meaning nothing at all.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">—</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Steve DelBianco</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Executive Director</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">NetChoice</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="http://www.netchoice.org/" target="_blank">http://www.NetChoice.org</a> and <a href="http://blog.netchoice.org/" target="_blank">http://blog.netchoice.org</a></span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="tel:%2B1.202.420.7482" value="+12024207482" target="_blank">+1.202.420.7482</a></span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">On 12/16/14, 11:48 AM, "Bruce Tonkin" <<a href="mailto:Bruce.Tonkin@melbourneit.com.au" target="_blank">Bruce.Tonkin@melbourneit.com.au</a>> wrote:</span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Hello All,</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">The origin of the strategic work on public interest comes from the strategy panel on Public Responsibility Framework.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/prf-report-15may14-en.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/prf-report-15may14-en.pdf</a> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">That panel recommended the following definition:</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">"Panel Definitions Submitted to ICANN:</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">As an independent, global organization, ICANN is one of the organizations charged</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">with responsibility for an increasingly important shared global resource: The Internet.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">As one of the stewards of this resource, ICANN recognizes it has a responsibility to</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">protect and promote the global public interest, both throughout its work, and in</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">collaboration with other entities. ICANN's public responsibility permeates all areas of</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">its work and is at the core of its operations.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">ICANN defines the global public interest in relation to the Internet as ensuring the</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Internet becomes, and continues to be, stable, inclusive, and accessible across the</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">globe so that all may enjoy the benefits of a single and open Internet. In addressing its</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">public responsibility, ICANN must build trust in the Internet and its governance</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">ecosystem."</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">This definition though has not been formally adopted.</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Regards,</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Bruce Tonkin</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">_______________________________________________</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Accountability-Cross-Community mailing list</span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="mailto:Accountability-Cross-Community@icann.org" target="_blank">Accountability-Cross-Community@icann.org</a></span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/accountability-cross-community" target="_blank">https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/accountability-cross-community</a></span><u></u><u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><u></u><u></u></p></div></div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt"><div><p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>Accountability-Cross-Community mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Accountability-Cross-Community@icann.org" target="_blank">Accountability-Cross-Community@icann.org</a><br><a href="https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/accountability-cross-community" target="_blank">https://mm.icann.org/mailman/listinfo/accountability-cross-community</a><u></u><u></u></p></div></blockquote></div></div></div></div><br>_______________________________________________<br>
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