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<div>U.S. Law perspective<br>
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<font face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org on behalf of Nigel Roberts<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, July 17, 2015 06:41:58 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Dr Eberhard W Lisse<br>
<b>Cc:</b> accountability-cross-community@icann.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [CCWG-ACCT] Concept of some form of "independent" member<br>
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<div class="PlainText">In English Law, certainly not! They are something more akin to a
<br>
partnership, in that they have no legal personality other than that of <br>
the natural persons who come together for a joint purpose, and have (in <br>
England) joint and several, unlimited legal liability.<br>
<br>
The clue is in the Latin root of the word corporation which, literally <br>
means "becoming a body". Thus anything unincorporated has not acquired <br>
legal personality.<br>
<br>
I have to say I've always been fascinated to read that there are actual <br>
towns and cities that do not exists as bodies corporate, but that's, I <br>
suppose, a rathole for a bar discussion.<br>
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<br>
On 17/07/15 12:35, Dr Eberhard W Lisse wrote:<br>
> Are UAs legal persons?<br>
><br>
> el<br>
><br>
> On 2015-07-17 13:13 , Gregory, Holly wrote:<br>
>> Natural persons (humans) are legal persons<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> Sent with Good (<a href="http://www.good.com">www.good.com</a>)<br>
>> *<br>
>><br>
>> *<br>
>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
>> *From:* accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org on behalf of<br>
>> Nigel Roberts<br>
>> *Sent:* Friday, July 17, 2015 05:51:22 AM<br>
>> *To:* accountability-cross-community@icann.org<br>
>> *Subject:* Re: [CCWG-ACCT] Concept of some form of "independent" member<br>
>><br>
>> Greg<br>
>><br>
>> I think this is incorrect. I find it hard to imagine a corporation (and,<br>
>> particularly a non-profit corporation) which is required by law to<br>
>> restrict membership to legal persons in this way, that is to *require*<br>
>> members to be legal persons.<br>
>><br>
>> I cannot believe US law is so fundamentally different here -- members of<br>
>> a corporation may normally be either natural persons or legal persons<br>
>> unless there are explicit restrictions in the Articles, which is a<br>
>> matter of choice, not compulsion.<br>
>><br>
>> (I can imagine a non-profit CHOOSING to restrict membership to one or<br>
>> the other but I can't imagine any statutory requirement of this nature.)<br>
>><br>
>> A trade association MIGHT restrict membership to legal persons: e.g. the<br>
>> Association of Incorporated Widget Makers (fictitious) may only allow<br>
>> incorporated makes of widgets; however it would be less unexpected to<br>
>> see non-profits expecting members to be natural persons only (e.g. the<br>
>> American Radio Relay League see <a href="http://www.arrl.org/arrl-by-laws">http://www.arrl.org/arrl-by-laws</a>).<br>
>><br>
>> Can you expand on this please?<br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>><br>
>> On 17/07/15 09:47, Greg Shatan wrote:<br>
>><br>
>>> hands of the community, and to have these powers as a matter of right.<br>
>>> Members must be legal persons.<br>
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