<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Aug 16, 2016 at 12:22 PM, parminder <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a href="mailto:parminder@itforchange.net" target="_blank">parminder@itforchange.net</a>&gt;</span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
  
    
  
  <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class="">
    <p><br>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div>On Tuesday 16 August 2016 08:45 PM,
      Greg Shatan wrote:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Whether or not ICANN is
          a &quot;public governance&quot; body is largely irrelevant to the issue
          of ICANN&#39;s transparency obligations. <br>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br></span>
    There is &#39;transparency&#39; and there is &#39;transparency&#39;. </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">​I have no idea what this means.​</div><br></div><div> <br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">Standards
    expected from corporations (and they do exist) are quite different
    from non profit bodies, </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">​This is not necessarily true.  Many if not most non profit bodies are corporations and subject to transparency standards that are quite similar.​</div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">which is quite different from that expected
    from public bodies (or bodies involved in public governance). Which
    standards are ICANN expected to uphold. I dont see any reasons that
    they should be any lower than that for instance are upheld by
    government of US, and of India. One thing they can take form US gov
    is their standards of public transparency. <br>
    <br>
    I ask you; do you agree or not that ICANN should uphold these
    transparency standards that are upheld by public bodies?<br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​I think ICANN should uphold transparency standards that are appropriate to its mission and working methods.  It&#39;s improper to treat ICANN as if it were a governmental body. In some ways, I think ICANN&#39;s transparency standard should be higher than those of public bodies (which vary wildly, even within the USG).  In other ways, those standards would be burdensome and counterproductive.  So, no, I don&#39;t think we should borrow standards from some other entity, whatever its status.  We can use all of them as points of departure, but it would be a mistake to be beholden to any of them.  That said, ICANN must uphold the transparency standards that come with its status as a California public benefit corporation.  </div></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><br></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​</div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
    <br>
    If your answer is yes, the question arises why should ICANN uphold
    transparency level higher than normally required for for profit
    corporations or evne for non profit bodies. And the reason is that
    ICANN undertakes functions of a &#39;public governance&#39; nature. That is
    the only rationale I can see, unless you tell me  a better one.<br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​It never ceases to amaze me how some people find so many answers within their own logic and so few elsewhere.</div></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><br></div></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">The reasons that underpin ICANN&#39;s transparency standards should come from its functions and its working methods -- and this relates to both the corporation and the ICANN structures (e.g., SO/ACs).  Since ICANN does not undertake functions of a public governance nature, this cannot form the basis for ICANN&#39;s transparency standards.  Since your rationale cannot be used to defend the premise that it is based on -- that is the essence of circular reasoning.​</div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class="">
    <br>
    <blockquote type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"> ICANN&#39;s transparency
          obligations are an integral part of its method of operation as
          a corporation and a community.  <br>
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br></span>
    So, this is the rationale you offer.... But then why have ICANN
    transparency standards been so pathetic, if they are actually
    inherent to it (can one state a clearer self-contradiction). This is
    the familiar ICANN sovereignty and exceptionalism thing, coming from
    Internet exceptionalism.... <br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​I don&#39;t think ICANN&#39;s transparency <i>standards</i> have been pathetic.  I think that ICANN&#39;s transparency <i>execution</i> has been lacking (I would not go quite so far as to say pathetic).  This is no no way contradictory.  Indeed it forms the core of our need to get ICANN to improve its execution on certain transparency fronts.  This has nothing to do with any &quot;sovereignty&quot; argument. As for &quot;exceptionalism,&quot; the essence of exceptionalism is not merely that something is different, it is that it is <u>better</u> and thus deserves to be treated differently.  We would like to help ICANN be better, but that in no way means that I (or others) are arguing for &quot;exceptionalism&quot; no matter how many times you try to pin that label on.  Whatever one thinks of &quot;internet exceptionalism&quot; generally (and I don&#39;t think one can think about monolithically), ICANN is an unusual organization with an unusual role, and trying to bang it into a round hole doesn&#39;t make it any less of a square peg.</div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class="">
    <br>
    <blockquote type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Yet there are times
          when ICANN falls short on transparency.  As a general matter,
          this concern is significant enough that we have a Transparency
          Subgroup for WS2 (which is where this discussion should
          continue in earnest).  </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">The specific case of
          transparency (or lack thereof) on expenditures (and
          particularly lobbying, &quot;light lobbying,&quot; and &quot;non-lobbying
          lobbying&quot; related expenditures) is a significant example of
          those concerns.  I agree that a claim about following ordinary
          commercial practice does not resolve the issue.  But there is
          no need to attempt to recast ICANN as a &quot;public governance&quot;
          body -- we need look no further than ICANN&#39;s internal
          &quot;governance&quot; concepts.  To say they are atypical or unique is
          not a claim to &quot;Internet exceptionalism&quot; (not something I&#39;d
          heard before this thread, but whatever) -- it is merely to
          acknowledge that ICANN is sufficiently different from
          &quot;ordinary practices&quot; that ordinary practices shouldn&#39;t apply.
        </div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br></span>
    That is called &#39;exceptionalism&#39; when ordinary extant ideas and
    concepts are taken not to apply to a phenomenon... As for &#39;internet
    exceptionalism&#39;, there are many scholarly articles and  at least one
    book on it... Just look up google .</div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​See above.</div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class=""><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">More specifically,
          ICANN&#39;s contracts with vendors need to build in levels of
          transparency that exceed ordinary practices, because ICANN&#39;s
          transparency obligations exceed ordinary transparency
          obligations.</div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br></span>
    Where are these obligations? Can you show me where they exist, so
    that we can directly challenge their non fulfilment.<br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​I&#39;ll leave that to the Transparency subgroup, on both counts</div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class="">
    <br>
    <blockquote type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">  One need look no
          further than the method by which counsel to the CCWG (Sidley
          and Adler firms) work with the CCWG.  Ordinarily,
          attorney-client privilege is maintained by keeping
          communications between attorney and client confidential --
          this applies to meetings and attorney advice.  Instead,
          consultations with counsel and counsel&#39;s advice are both done
          in an open and transparent fashion, on recorded and
          transcribed calls and in documents that are publicly posted.</div>
      </div>
    </blockquote>
    <br></span>
    &#39;Ordinarily&#39; for whom, what class of organisations....? </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">​Ordinarily for any organization receiving legal advice.</div></div><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">I ask for
    &#39;public governance bodies&#39; level standards. </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">​Then you would have gotten no transparency on legal advice in this case.  That seems counterproductive. And counterintuitive.</div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">That would be a clear
    basis to work from. </div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Clear, perhaps, though the idea that public governance bodies have anything close to a common set of standards is both unsupported and unsupportable.  There&#39;s as much variation there as in any grouping, if not more.​</div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">Otherwise it is always a slippery and arbitrary
    argument. <br></div></blockquote><div><br></div><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">​I disagree on both counts.  It does not have to be arbitrary in any way.  We are dealing with a lot of known quantities; we just need to work from there and do so in a thoughtful manner.  Mindlessly applying some mythical &quot;public governance bodies level standards&quot; would be far more arbitrary.  As for &quot;slippery,&quot; I don&#39;t think that has any meaning here, other than to sound vaguely objectionable.​  &quot;Slippery&quot; is usually used in the context of a &quot;slippery slope&quot; argument, i.e., one that claims that another person&#39;s argument or proposal starts with reasonable cases but then leads down the slippery slope to unreasonable or bizarre cases.  I don&#39;t see how that applies.</div></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><span class="HOEnZb"><font color="#888888">
    <br>
    parminder <br></font></span><div><div class="h5">
    <blockquote type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Transparency regarding
          lobbying and other vendors and service providers should be
          handled in a similar fashion.  To the extent it&#39;s not (and
          it&#39;s not...), it&#39;s fair to cry &quot;foul&quot; and to demand
          improvement.</div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">This can all be done in
          the context of ICANN as it is.</div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">For the record, I
          disagree with the attempt to characterize ICANN as a &quot;public
          governance&quot; body, for reasons substantially the same as those
          already expressed.  In the interests of bandwidth (mine and
          yours) and avoiding rehashing, I have added my thoughts to the
          matter.  In any event, for the reasons stated above, it is
          irrelevant to the transparency question to which this thread
          is devoted.</div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br>
        </div>
        <div style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">Greg  </div>
      </div>
      <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
        <div class="gmail_quote">On Tue, Aug 16, 2016 at 9:43 AM,
          parminder <span dir="ltr">&lt;<a href="mailto:parminder@itforchange.net" target="_blank">parminder@itforchange.net</a>&gt;</span>
          wrote:<br>
          <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
            <div bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
              <p><font face="Verdana">To these important posers I may
                  add, is ICANN considering making it clear to the
                  vendors at the contracting stage itself that it has
                  strong transparency obligations and would be bound by
                  them (as governments typically do, which is why this
                  discussion went into whether ICANN&#39;s functions are of
                  a &#39;public governance&#39; nature). parminder</font><br>
              </p>
              <div>
                <div> <br>
                  <div>On Monday 15 August 2016 08:38 PM, Schaefer,
                    Brett wrote:<br>
                  </div>
                  <blockquote type="cite">
                    <div>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Kavouss,</span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Thank
                          you for re-raising this issue, which appears
                          to have been lost. </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Xavier,
                          I also asked for additional clarifications
                          that, I think, need to be answered to inform
                          he work of the Transparency Working Group in
                          WS2. Specifically, in your response, you said
                          that “ICANN enters into confidentiality
                          obligations as a result of bilateral
                          negotiations with vendors” and that they
                          prevent ICANN from publicly disclosing further
                          details than those provided in your e-mail.  </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
                        <li style="color:#1f497d"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Would
                            this confidentiality obligation prevent
                            disclosure through the DIDP process?</span></li>
                      </ul>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
                        <li style="color:#1f497d"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Would
                            this confidentiality obligation prevent
                            individual Directors from obtaining this
                            information through their Right of
                            Inspection?</span></li>
                      </ul>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
                        <li style="color:#1f497d"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Would
                            this confidentiality obligation prevent an
                            individual Decisional Participant from
                            obtaining this information if they requested
                            it under their Right of Inspection of  ICANN
                            accounting books and records pursuant to the
                            provisions of Section 6333 of the CCC?</span></li>
                      </ul>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <ul style="margin-top:0in" type="disc">
                        <li style="color:#1f497d"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Would
                            this confidentiality obligation prevent the
                            Empowered Community from obtaining the
                            information through its right to launch a
                            third-party, independent investigation if
                            three Decisional Participants determine that
                            there is a credible allegation that ICANN
                            has committed fraud or that there has been a
                            gross mismanagement of ICANN’s resources?  </span></li>
                      </ul>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Finally,
                          I did not see where you clarified whether
                          ICANN engaged vendors to perform similar tasks
                          – “lobbying” or educational/engagement – that
                          may not have been captured by the
                          Congressional database, such as at the state
                          level in the U.S. (particularly California),
                          the U.S. Executive Branch, or in non-US
                          countries.  </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Best,</span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d">Brett
                        </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1f497d"> </span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
                          <a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org" target="_blank">accountability-cross-community<wbr>-bounces@icann.org</a>
                          [<a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community-bounces@icann.org" target="_blank">mailto:accountability-cross-c<wbr>ommunity-bounces@icann.org</a>]
                          <b>On Behalf Of </b>Kavouss Arasteh<br>
                          <b>Sent:</b> Monday, August 15, 2016 10:36 AM<br>
                          <b>To:</b> Xavier J. Calvez<br>
                          <b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community@icann.org" target="_blank">accountability-cross-community<wbr>@icann.org</a><br>
                          <b>Subject:</b> Re: [CCWG-ACCT]
                          [community-finance] IANA Stewardship
                          Transition - Project Expenses - FY16 Q3 update</span></p>
                      <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
                      <div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Dear Xavier </p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">I have sent you the
                            following question to which I have not
                            received any reply</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps you have been
                            very busy and overlooked my questions</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">I still awaiting for
                            clarifications</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Regards</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">KAVOUSS </p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Copy of questions raised
                            many weeks ago</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Dear Xavier</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Thank you for all info.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Pls clarify the following</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">1.What is prfessional
                            advice :;this advice is given to whom ,on
                            what subject and why is needed</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">2. what is lobbing here.
                            who lobbies for whom and on what and the
                            need for such lobbies</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">3 Who checks and confirm 
                            the legal costs by three legal entities, who
                            decide that there was a need for such legal
                            advice and who checks and control ther tme
                            spent..Many of these advice were repeatation
                            of previous adfvices and just cut and p[aste
                            from one advice to others .Please review all
                            advices given from the begining of 2015 till
                            now</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">We neeed all these
                            detailed info .</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Regards</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">Kavouss</p>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                      <div>
                        <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
                        <div>
                          <p class="MsoNormal">2016-08-15 16:25
                            GMT+02:00 avri doria &lt;<a href="mailto:avri@apc.org" target="_blank">avri@apc.org</a>&gt;:</p>
                          <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
                            <br>
                            On 15-Aug-16 06:43, parminder wrote:<br>
                            &gt; I just said that an Antigua based
                            betting company will be ill-advised<br>
                            &gt; to try to take up a closed gTLD in its
                            name and conduct its business<br>
                            &gt; under it, because it is liable to be
                            seized whenever US authorities<br>
                            &gt; want to do so (by their jurisdiction
                            control over ICANN) . Same is<br>
                            &gt; true of a drug company, say from India,
                            planning global e-com trade of<br>
                            &gt; generic drugs. It will also be
                            ill-advised to risk a closed gTLD in<br>
                            &gt; its name to do such global business,
                            for the same reason.<br>
                            <br>
                            I thought that this has to do with the
                            jurisdiction of the registry and<br>
                            the rregistrar itself.  And while it may
                            cause concern because there are<br>
                            not as many registries and registrars in non
                            US jurisdictions, there are<br>
                            some and could be more in time. It may also
                            mean that greater efforts<br>
                            should be taken to inform people of the
                            jurisdiction their registration<br>
                            is under and whose laws they are subject to,
                            but I do not see how the<br>
                            location of ICANN main office or place of
                            incorproation affects this issue.<br>
                            <br>
                            In any case aren&#39;t the issues relatiing to
                            the jurisdiction of<br>
                            registries and registrars  among the ones
                            being discussed in the Juris<br>
                            sub group?<br>
                            <br>
                            But the conversation has been quite far
                            ranging so could well be missing<br>
                            the point of the disagreement.<br>
                            <br>
                            avri<br>
                            <br>
                            <br>
                            ---<br>
                            This email has been checked for viruses by
                            Avast antivirus software.<br>
                            <a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus" target="_blank">https://www.avast.com/antiviru<wbr>s</a></p>
                          <div>
                            <div>
                              <p class="MsoNormal"><br>
                              </p>
                            </div>
                          </div>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <hr align="left" color="#58595b" width="200"> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:#004b8d;font-weight:bold">Brett</span><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#004b8d;font-weight:bold"></span> <span style="font-size:x-small;color:#004b8d;font-weight:bold">Schaefer</span><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#58595b;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic"><br>
                      Jay Kingham Senior Research Fellow in
                      International Regulatory Affairs</span><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#58595b;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic"></span><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#58595b;font-weight:normal;font-style:italic"><br>
                      Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom Davis
                      Institute for National Security and Foreign Policy</span><br>
                    <font color="#58595b" size="2">The Heritage
                      Foundation<br>
                      214 Massachusetts Avenue, NE<br>
                      Washington, DC 20002</font><span style="font-size:x-small;color:#58595b"><br>
                      <a href="tel:202-608-6097" value="+12026086097" target="_blank">202-608-6097</a></span><br>
                    <font color="#004b8d" size="2"><a style="COLOR:#004b8d;TEXT-DECORATION:none" href="http://heritage.org/" target="_blank">heritage.org</a><br>
                      <span style="font-size:x-small"></span><span style="font-size:x-small"></span> </font>
                    <div>
                      <div>
                        <div>
                          <div>
                            <div>
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                          </div>
                        </div>
                        <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <br>
                    <fieldset></fieldset>
                    <br>
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</blockquote></div>
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</blockquote>
</div></div></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div>