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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal">Questions and Answers on Human Rights Issues at ICANN<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal">Susan Ariel Aaronson comments <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:center" align="center"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">1.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Why
is human
rights an issue at ICANN?<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What
does
domain name registration have to do with human rights?<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-family:"Palatino
Linotype","serif"">Under international human
rights laws and new Guiding Principles on Business and Human
Rights, firms,
even public benefit firms such as ICANN, also have human
rights
responsibilities. Every action firms take can affect their
stakeholders; the
effects are not static; they can change over time; and
simultaneously these
actions can both undermine and/or enhance specific human
rights. The Universal
Declaration on Human Rights delineates the 38 human rights
that governments
must <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">respect, protect
and remedy</b>.
Firms are responsible for <b
style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">respecting
human rights</b>.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a
href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-family:"Palatino
Linotype","serif"">http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR.PUB.12.2_En.pdf</span></i></a><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-family:"Palatino
Linotype","serif""><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-family:"Palatino
Linotype","serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What
are the key
human rights issues that have been identified at ICANN?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For a good overview, see Council of Europe <a
href="http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/icann-and-human-rights.asp">http://www.coe.int/t/informationsociety/icann-and-human-rights.asp</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><span
style="font-family: "Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">In </span><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman"">order to operate in the public interest,
ICANN has to comply with international human rights
standards. Needs to human rights framework to make
decisions. <o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">The
notion of public interest is insufficiently clear to provide
guidance in policy development processes; accountability
requires measurable standards. Human rights could serve to
delineate the notion of public interest.<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">States
need to be aware of their responsibility to protect the
human rights of their citizens, also with regard to internet
governance. <o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Human
rights and the right to freedom of expression in particular
need to be fully taken into account when deciding on the
approval or refusal of sensitive new gTLDs.<o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">The
positive obligations of states require specific attention to
vulnerable groups. It is desirable that the
people-centeredness of ICANN’s policy development is further
improved. A balance must be struck between economic
interests and other objectives of common interest, such as
pluralism, cultural and linguistic diversity. Auctions may
be an efficient way of allocation from an economic point of
view but not from a view of respecting plurality and
diversity. ICANN must always ensure that the outcome is in
the best public interest. <o:p></o:p></span></i></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"
style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in"><i
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">Human
rights and the right to private life in particular require a
rebalancing exercise with regard to the processing and
retention of data under the 2013 RAA as well as to public
access to personal information in the WHOIS</span></i><span
style="font-family:"Times New
Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times
New Roman""> database.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ICANN
also has
responsibilities to respect human rights in “how” it makes
decisions. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">3.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Whose
responsibility
is it to resolve these issues legally and from a policy
perspective, and why? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">As noted
above, states
have principal responsibilities to protect, respect and remedy
human rights;
firms must respect. Hence states can hold firms to account. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">They
should also not
delegate human rights responsibilities to firms (as in CSR).<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://edri.org/files/EDRI_CoE.pdf">https://edri.org/files/EDRI_CoE.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">4.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Were
the
obligations in terms of human rights encompassed in the original
articles of
commitment? <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">I don’t know. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">5.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>What
role should
the GAC play in ensuring human rights at ICANN?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Help
guide it towards
a more responsible, responsive and accountable strategy.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">6.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Jurisdiction
is a
big issue in terms of application of privacy law, freedom of
expression, and
prosecution of offences.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>How
would those
in favour of a more sustained effort to integrate human rights
into ICANN
policy propose to navigate the jurisdictional issues?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The issue
of
jurisdiction is one all firms, especially internet firms, must
reckon with. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">7.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Is
there a
mechanism to apply data protection law in a harmonized fashion
throughout the
ecosystem touched by ICANN?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">We need
shared
standards; perhaps building on OECD and APEC Principles…but
right now these
issues are being addressed in aspirational language in trade
agreements and not
fully fleshed out. The EU refuses to address privacy in TTIP;
both the US and
the EU cite other governments’ privacy rules as barriers to
trade, so we do
need to develop shared standards so national standards for
privacy and the free
flow of information (on which we all depend) can coexist.<span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>For more information, see
Aaronson, Can Trade
Set Information Free,<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><a
href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2189153">http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2189153</a><o:p></o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here is my suggested strategy to ICANN:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span
style="font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New
Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><br>
<br>
I suggest a couple of things which would also allow ICANN to
follow UN Guiding
Principles for Business and Human Rights: (see for ICT: </span><a
href="http://www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_UN_Guiding_Principles_and_ICT.final.pdf"><span
style="font-family:"Book
Antiqua","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times
New Roman";color:blue">http://www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_UN_Guiding_Principles_and_ICT.final.pdf</span></a><span
style="font-family:"Book
Antiqua","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">). The attached
article shows how hard it is. <br>
The Guiding Principles are a set of Guidelines that governments
are supposed to
encourage firms to follow to respect and protect human rights.
Firms are
supposed to: <br>
--develop and articulate a human rights policy and make sure
employees/stakeholders
know, understand and implement it<br>
--conduct human rights due diligence<br>
--do a human rights impact assessment (I can explain, but
basically evaluate
their human rights footprint, which is really hard to do without
human rights
metrics) <br>
--monitor human rights performance (develop metrics) and hold
people
accountable for performance.<br>
<br>
<br style="mso-special-character:line-break">
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style="mso-special-character:line-break">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Book
Antiqua","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New
Roman"">Suggested
steps: <br>
<br>
1. an e discussion, open to all, facilitated, asking for ideas
on how ICANN can
weigh its effects on human rights . Get the message out you
are
trying.<br>
2. delegation of a Board member and ICANN official with
responsibility for
human rights (As senior as possible) <br>
3. development of human rights policies by staff (perhaps with
help from
an advisory committee that is globally balanced but includes
people who know
human rights vs. Internet issues) It is important to understand
the
juggling act re. human rights... <br>
4. open meeting for feedback on the policy and strategies by
which
employees are held accountable for adhering to the policy<br>
5. then, per Roy, Joanna and others, creation of a formal HR
advisory board<br>
6. assessment of ICANN's human rights impact<br>
7. constant feedback and modes of accountability--e.g. we found
this,
here's what we did <br>
7. metrics to evaluate ICANN's impact on human rights. <br
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style="mso-special-character:line-break">
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<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><o:p> </o:p></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">My
expertise on these
issue: scholar of trade and digital rights; scholar of trade and
human rights;
former advisor to John Ruggie, UN Special Representative on
Business and Human
Rights. <o:p></o:p></i></p>
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<pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">--
Susan Ariel Aaronson, Ph.D.
Research Professor of International Affairs, Institute of International Economic Policy
Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~elliott/faculty/aaronson.cfm">http://www.gwu.edu/~elliott/faculty/aaronson.cfm</a>
Please visit the Trade and the Internet Project Web site:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/governance/taig/">http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/governance/taig/</a>
See <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://tinyurl.com/lanrzda">http://tinyurl.com/lanrzda</a>
for advice on digital trade and internet freedom
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/researchandpublications/signatureinitiatives/governance/Trade_Trust_Transparency_Accountability/">http://www.gwu.edu/~iiep/researchandpublications/signatureinitiatives/governance/Trade_Trust_Transparency_Accountability/</a>
Work on trade, trust, and accountability: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://tinyurl.com/of9loy8">http://tinyurl.com/of9loy8</a>
Please visit my SSRN user page: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://ssrn.com/author=1145702">http://ssrn.com/author=1145702</a>
</pre>
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