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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">For those not familiar with California law, it might also be helpful to know that the California corporations code has especially clear language providing liability
 protection for members/associates of a nonprofit unincorporated association. &nbsp;&nbsp;Such protection might not be as clear or as clearly spelled out in other jurisdictions. &nbsp;We could use the California nonprofit unincorporated association form.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Ingrid Mittermaier<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"> ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org [mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 14, 2015 11:09 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> ccwg-accountability5@icann.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Acct-Legal] [CCWG-ACCT] community powers comparison: designator &amp; membership model - what powers can we create and how to enforce them?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_MailEndCompose"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Dear Rosemary,</span></a><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">this indeed helps a great deal. I had come away with the wrong impression regarding the need for incorporation which of course always implies questions
 of liability as well. So thank you for addressing this issue, too. I would however still hold out a bit for feedback from the CCWG list as there might be concerns outside of the “legal realm” fuelling the discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Best regards<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Sabine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Von:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a> [<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a>]
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Mittwoch, 15. April 2015 08:02<br>
<b>An:</b> <a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community@icann.org">accountability-cross-community@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Acct-Legal] [CCWG-ACCT] community powers comparison: designator &amp; membership model - what powers can we create and how to enforce them?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Sabine:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">In either the member or designator structure, our recommendation is that the members or designators be formed as unincorporated nonprofit associations, rather than
 incorporated.&nbsp; (Members must exist as legal persons; we strongly advise it for designators.)&nbsp; The paperwork required is minimal, and similarly minimal changes to ICANN’s bylaws and the descriptions of the newly-associated entities would be required to recognize
 that the members/designators are unincorporated associations.&nbsp; That said, they would be legally separate persons, with the rights to enter into contracts, to sue, and to be sued (although they would, by design, have no assets whatsoever, making them less attractive
 targets for suit).&nbsp; Unincorporated associations are recognized in many if not all jurisdictions in the U.S., although I’m not sure about outside the U.S.&nbsp; In general, the individuals who associate in an unincorporated association are
<b>not</b> liable for the association’s activities or debts merely on the basis of their status as associates.&nbsp;
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">I’m not sure if that’s what you’re asking about, so I hope this helps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:black">Rosemary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a> [<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 14, 2015 10:51 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:accountability-cross-community@icann.org">accountability-cross-community@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Acct-Legal] [CCWG-ACCT] community powers comparison: designator &amp; membership model - what powers can we create and how to enforce them?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Dear Léon, dear subteam, dear counsel,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">I just posted to the general CCWG list my concerns about diving head-first into a comparison between the membership and designator models. I do
 feel like this is a discussion that we need to have and soon, but I was quite worried by a remark about the apparent incorporation requirement for the SO’s made during yesterday’s CCWG call. I feel like we should not lose sight of the prerequisites for each
 model – if they cannot be fulfilled, any discussion about the “how” will be in vain. That’s why I asked for input from the CCWG list in hopes of someone speaking up. I’ll also go through the transcript of yesterday’s call as soon as it is available to confirm
 whether my recollection of the call actually checks out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;color:#1F497D">Sabine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Von:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a> [<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a>]
<b>Im Auftrag von </b>List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam<br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Mittwoch, 15. April 2015 07:01<br>
<b>An:</b> <a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Accountability Cross Community<br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: [Acct-Legal] [CCWG-ACCT] community powers comparison: designator &amp; membership model - what powers can we create and how to enforce them?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Dear Holly and Rosemary,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Please do review Robin’s table. I apologize for the delay on assignment and don’t expect you to have elaborated for our call tomorrow but rather give an initial review so we can further discuss in our call tomorrow.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">León<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">El 14/04/2015, a las 16:42, List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam &lt;<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a>&gt; escribió:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="77c1bba7-c0a9-4fc7-b49a-f9e07d3862d2"><span lang="DE">Happy to review with direction from Legal Subteam. &nbsp;Please provide direction ASAP. Holly<br>
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<br>
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Sent with Good (<a href="http://www.good.com">www.good.com</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">&nbsp;</span></b><b><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">From:</span></b><span lang="DE" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:&quot;Tahoma&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">
<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5-bounces@icann.org</a> on behalf of List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, April 14, 2015 03:45:49 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Accountability Cross Community<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Acct-Legal] [CCWG-ACCT] community powers comparison: designator &amp; membership model - what powers can we create and how to enforce them?</span><span lang="DE"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Fantastic work Robin and much appreciated! <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">I echo Greg's comments concerning &nbsp;the role of litigation in both models. I do like the format and I think it would be a great idea to have it reviewed and improved upon, if necessary, by counsel, for distribution to the
 general list.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">Ed<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">On Tue, Apr 14, 2015 at 8:19 PM, List for the work of CCWG-Accountability Legal SubTeam &lt;<a href="mailto:ccwg-accountability5@icann.org" target="_blank">ccwg-accountability5@icann.org</a>&gt; wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Robin,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Thank you for this.&nbsp; A great deal of effort clearly went into this and this should develop into a very useful tool.&nbsp; However, I think we will need to have this reviewed by legal
 counsel before we rely on it.&nbsp; Having reviewed this briefly, I am uncertain that at this stage this document accurately captures the legal advice, particularly with regard to how the rights can be enforced. &nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Specifically, this seems to give the impression that, if the membership model were chosen, the members would be limited to running off to court in most cases should rights need
 to be enforced.&nbsp; I'm fairly confident that is not the case.&nbsp; I believe that the remedies listed for the designator model, particularly changes to the bylaws and the IRP, are equally available in the member model.&nbsp; With regard to litigation, I think the distinction
 is that the designators have no ability to litigate on behalf of the corporation, while this is one possibility (but far from the only one) available to members.&nbsp; In other words, such litigation is an extra power, not the only power, available to members.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">The Legal Sub Team (copied here) should discuss how to proceed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Thank you again for taking the laboring oar in pulling this together!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Best regards,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE" style="font-family:&quot;Verdana&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;">Greg<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">On Tue, Apr 14, 2015 at 2:35 PM, Robin Gross &lt;<a href="mailto:robin@ipjustice.org" target="_blank">robin@ipjustice.org</a>&gt; wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span lang="DE">Hello Team,<br>
<br>
What we need to do is take a hard look at both the membership model and the designator model and understand what rights can be created and how will they be enforced.&nbsp; Once we understand what we *can* do, we need to look at the pros/cons of the different models
 and evaluate accordingly.<br>
<br>
But first, we need to understand what *can* be done so we can discuss *if* we ought to do it and what is the best means.<br>
<br>
So I've taken a first pass of each of the 6 community empowerment goals and created a comparison table to lay-out what rights can be created and how they can be enforced.&nbsp; I've combed through all the 200&#43; pages of legal memos, today's CCWG call, and calls of
 the legal sub-team to compile this info into one table so the models can begin to be evaluated side-by-side.<br>
<br>
The doc is attached and also here is a link to the table comparing the 2 models:<br>
&nbsp; <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__docs.google.com_spreadsheets_d_1kkkRBpMUkTpD5-5FRP-5FOgo1PTGzGt2kC6f1xooHfJXRBc_edit-3Fusp-3Dsharing&amp;d=AwMFaQ&amp;c=Od00qP2XTg0tXf_H69-T2w&amp;r=1-1w8mU_eFprE2Nn9QnYf01XIV88MOwkXwHYEbF2Y_8&amp;m=nyDQdlri5xYHMimBihFhuPRDmv90jS4gFWrucTjoxrM&amp;s=nn6UHsMF-YpzD09pBcaHOa5b41fXAi_G4BJGOV2NU4A&amp;e=" target="_blank">
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kkkRBpMUkTpD5_RP_Ogo1PTGzGt2kC6f1xooHfJXRBc/edit?usp=sharing</a><br>
<br>
I am hopeful it can begin to help us to wrap our minds around what our goals are and how they could be accomplished by the two models at play.<br>
<br>
Thanks,<br>
Robin<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE">&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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