proposed tz changes for Brazil, Tonga, Mexico, Mongolia, etc.

Paul Eggert eggert at twinsun.com
Tue Oct 2 18:00:34 UTC 2001


Since Brazil and Tonga are changing their rules this month, it's time
for another update to the tz database.  Here are all the changes that
I have been saving up.  As usual, thanks to everybody who has
contributed -- it wouldn't happen without you.


The following changes affect future and/or current time stamps:

 * Brazil has changed the rules again, and the following locations are
   now planned to observe DST this year: America/Fortaleza,
   America/Recife, America/Maceio.  (Thanks to Rives McDow for this.)

 * Tonga will observe DST this summer from 11-25 to 03-03.
   (Thanks to Rives McDow for this.)

 * Mexico's Supreme Court has declared that daylight savings is
   unconstitutional in Mexico City.  For now, we'll assume that
   Mexico City will not observe DST next year.  Quite possibly
   this will change.  (Thanks to Scott Harrington for this.)

 * New zone Asia/Choibalsan for +09:00 in Mongolia.
   (Thanks to Rives McDow for this.)

 * New zone America/Danmarkshavn for +00:00 in Greenland.  This is the
   secondmost northerly entry in the tz database, behind only
   Arctic/Longyearbyen.  America/Thule no longer observes DST,
   apparently.  (Thanks to Gwillim Law and Steffen Thorsen for this.)


The following changes affect past time stamps only:

 * New zone Asia/Sakhalin for Sakhalinskaya oblast', which switched from
   +11:00 to +10:00 recently.  (Thanks to Gwillim Law for this.)

 * New zone America/North_Dakota/Center for Oliver County, ND, which
   switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
   (Thanks to Rives McDow for this.)

 * Europe/Amsterdam switched from 0:20 to 1:00 on 1940-05-16, not 1940-05-17.
   (Thanks to Robert H. van Gent for this.)

 * The following changes were gotten from rereading Shanks more carefully:

   - Angola Time was +00:52:04, not +00:52:56.
   - British East Africa Unified Time was +02:44:45, not +02:45.
   - Bolivia used Calamarca Mean Time, not La Paz Mean Time.
   - Caracas Mean Time(?) was -04:27:40, not -04:27:44.
   - Fort-de-France Mean Time was -04:04:20, not -04:04.
   - Funchal Mean Time was -01:07:36, not -01:08.
   - Horta Mean Time was -01:54:32, not -01:55.
   - Lima Mean Time(?) was -05:08:36, not -05:09.
   - Managua used -05:45:12, not -05:45.
   - Panama used Colon Mean Time (-05:19:36), not -05:20.
   - Port Moresby Mean Time was +09:48:32, not +09:48:40.


The following changes affect zone.tab and zone names:

 * Rename Asia/Chungking to Asia/Chongqing, as the latter spelling
   seems by far the most popular in English now.  Add a backward
   compatibility link.  (Thanks to Yao Zhang for this suggestion.)

 * Use different comments for China and Greenland time zones in
   zone.tab in an attempt to avoid confusion.  (Thanks to Yao Zhang
   and Oscar van Vlijmen for suggestions.)

 * Sort zone.tab correctly.


The following change affects the C code:

 * Add OTIME_MSG and NTIME_MSG macros to date.c, for hosts that lack them.


The following changes affect commentary only:

 * A list of which regions of Russia use which tz entries.
   (Thanks to Oscar van Vlijmen for this.)

 * A summary of the long discussion of Australian time zone abbreviations.
   (Thanks to everyone who wrote in about this.)

 * West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
   1999-10-31, but this apparently had no effect on the clocks that people
   actually used.  (Thanks to Rives McDow for the notification of the
   official change; I verified that it was not a real change.)

 * More discussion in "Theory" about Zone naming conventions.
   Update POSIX reference to Draft 7.

 * Argentina had some interesting legal maneuvers this year that resulted
   in no change to the rules.  (Thanks to Mariano Absatz for this.)

 * The official rule for Wayne County's switch.

 * Scott Harrington's notes on Melbourne's Shrine of Remembrance.
 
 * Remove Gwillim Law's obsolete email address.

 * XHTML syntax corrections to tz-art.htm.

 * Add commentary in tz-link explaining TZ usage, and explaining problems
   with alphanumeric time zone abbreviations.

 * Add links to a fine map of Russan Federation time zones (in Russian),
   the (US) National Weather Service time zone map data, the Royal Observatory
   of Belgium, the (UK) National Physical Laboratory,

 * Update links for HP-UX, Open UNIX, Tru64, wget, tar, gzip, Stewart's
   converter, Vzic, SSIM, CIA map, Perry-Castaneda collection, PTB, NTP,
   draft-ietf-impp-datetime.

 * Remove links to worldtimezone.com and to ISO 8601:1988 (no longer
   on the web).

 * Add James Joyce's comment about Dunsink Time in "Ulysses".


===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/africa,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.1
--- africa	2001/06/05 17:48:22	2001.3
+++ africa	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.3.0.1
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 # I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
 #	 2:00	WAST	West Africa Summer Time
 #	 2:30	BEAT	British East Africa Time (no longer used)
-#	 2:45	BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
+#	 2:44:45 BEAUT	British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	CAST	Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	SAST	South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
 #	 3:00	EAT	East Africa Time
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Algiers	0:12:12 -	LMT	1891 M
 # Angola
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	Africa/Luanda	0:52:56	-	LMT	1892
-			0:52:04	-	LMT	1911 May 26 # Luanda Mean Time?
+			0:52:04	-	AOT	1911 May 26 # Angola Time
 			1:00	-	WAT
 
 # Benin
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Bissau	-1:02:20 -	LMT	1911 M
 Zone	Africa/Nairobi	2:27:16	-	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1940
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1960
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1960
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Lesotho
@@ -287,9 +287,9 @@ Zone	Africa/Maseru	1:50:00 -	LMT	1903 Ma
 			2:00	-	SAST
 
 # Liberia
-# From Paul Eggert <eggert at twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
+# From Paul Eggert <eggert at twinsun.com> (2001-07-17):
 # In 1972 Liberia was the last country to switch
-# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 minutes.
+# from a UTC offset that was not a multiple of 15 or 20 minutes.
 # Howse reports that it was in honor of their president's birthday.
 # Shanks reports the date as May 1, whereas Howse reports Jan; go with Shanks.
 # For Liberia before 1972, Shanks reports -0:44, whereas Howse and Whitman
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Mbabane	2:04:24 -	LMT	1903 M
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 -	LMT	1931
 			3:00	-	EAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1961
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1961
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Togo
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Tunis	0:40:44 -	LMT	1881 May
 Zone	Africa/Kampala	2:09:40 -	LMT	1928 Jul
 			3:00	-	EAT	1930
 			2:30	-	BEAT	1948
-			2:45	-	BEAUT	1957
+			2:44:45	-	BEAUT	1957
 			3:00	-	EAT
 
 # Zambia
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/asia,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.2
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.2
--- asia	2001/06/05 17:48:22	2001.3
+++ asia	2001/10/02 16:39:30	2001.3.0.2
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Harbin	8:26:44	-	LMT	1928 # or
 Zone	Asia/Shanghai	8:05:52	-	LMT	1928
 			8:00	Shang	C%sT	1949
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
-Zone	Asia/Chungking	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chongqing
+Zone	Asia/Chongqing	7:06:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Chungking
 			7:00	-	CHUT	1980 May # Chungking Time
 			8:00	PRC	C%sT
 Zone	Asia/Urumqi	5:50:20	-	LMT	1928 # or Urumchi
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ Rule	Taiwan	1974	1975	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
 Rule	Taiwan	1980	only	-	Jun	30	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Taiwan	1980	only	-	Sep	30	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
-Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896
+Zone	Asia/Taipei	8:06:00 -	LMT	1896 # or Taibei or T'ai-pei
 			8:00	Taiwan	C%sT
 
 # Macao (Macau, Aomen)
@@ -932,9 +932,11 @@ Zone	Asia/Beirut	2:22:00 -	LMT	1880
 
 # Malaysia
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS
+Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Sep	14	0:00	0:20	TS # one-Third Summer
 Rule	NBorneo	1935	1941	-	Dec	14	0:00	0	-
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+# peninsular Malaysia
 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:48 -	LMT	1880
 			6:55:24	-	SMT	1905 Jun # Singapore Mean Time
 			7:00	-	MALT	1933	 # Malaya Time
@@ -943,6 +945,7 @@ Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	6:46:48 -	LMT	188
 			7:20	-	MALT	1950
 			7:30	-	MALT	1982 May
 			8:00	-	MYT	# Malaysia Time
+# Sabah & Sarawak
 Zone Asia/Kuching	7:21:20	-	LMT	1926 Mar
 			7:30	-	BORT	1933	# Borneo Time
 			8:00	NBorneo	BOR%sT	1942
@@ -1022,11 +1025,10 @@ Zone	Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 -	LMT	1905
 			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT
 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tuemen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
-# We're still not sure about this data, so we'll omit it for now.
-#Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
-#			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
-#			8:00	Mongol	ULA%sT	1983 Apr
-#			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	# Choibalsan Time
+Zone	Asia/Choibalsan	7:38:00 -	LMT	1905 Aug
+			7:00	-	ULAT	1978
+			8:00	-	ULAT	1983 Apr
+			9:00	Mongol	CHO%sT	# Choibalsan Time
 
 # Nepal
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/australasia,v
retrieving revision 2001.2
retrieving revision 2001.2.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.2 -r2001.2.0.1
--- australasia	2001/04/05 20:43:40	2001.2
+++ australasia	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.2.0.1
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 # Australia
 
+# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Jan	 1	0:01	1:00	-
 Rule	Aus	1917	only	-	Mar	25	2:00	0	-
@@ -359,7 +361,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Palau	8:57:56 -	LMT	1901		#
 # Papua New Guinea
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
-			9:48:40	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
+			9:48:32	-	PMMT	1895	# Port Moresby Mean Time
 			10:00	-	PGT		# Papua New Guinea Time
 
 # Pitcairn
@@ -399,6 +401,8 @@ Rule	Tonga	1999	only	-	Oct	 7	2:00s	1:00
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Mar	19	2:00s	0	-
 Rule	Tonga	2000	only	-	Nov	 4	2:00s	1:00	S
 Rule	Tonga	2001	only	-	Jan	27	2:00s	0	-
+Rule	Tonga	2001	only	-	Nov	25	2:00s	1:00	S
+Rule	Tonga	2002	only	-	Mar	 3	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu	12:19:20 -	LMT	1901
 			12:20	-	TOT	1941 # Tonga Time
@@ -473,7 +477,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -535,12 +539,93 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
 
-# From Arthur David Olson (March 8 1992):
+# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
 # Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
 #	CST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
 #	WST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
 #	EST	for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
 
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
+# versus "AEST" etc.:
+#
+# I see the following points of dispute:
+#
+# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
+#
+#   Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
+#   Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
+#   operation of software.  We have other instances of ambiguity
+#   (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
+#   Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
+#   In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
+#   abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
+#   think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
+#
+#   On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
+#   abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion.  This is
+#   particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
+#   time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
+#
+# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
+#
+#   Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
+#   many other countries.  We Americans are currently disagreeing about
+#   which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
+#   Time, for example.
+#
+#   Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
+#   refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
+#   tiebreaker.
+#
+# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
+#   Summer Time"?  Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
+#   the word "Australian"?
+#
+#   My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
+#   common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
+#   popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
+#   often than not.  I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
+#   following count of page hits:
+#
+#     1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+#       971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
+#       613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#       127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
+#
+#   Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
+#   particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
+#   say.  The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
+#   Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
+#
+#   For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
+#   ambiguity.  Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
+#   many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones.  But here
+#   are the hit counts anyway:
+#
+#     161,304 "EST" and domain:au
+#      25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
+#      18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
+#      10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
+#
+#      14,538 "CST" and domain:au
+#       5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
+#         176 "ACST" and domain:au
+#          29 "ACDT" and domain:au
+#
+#       7,539 "WST" and domain:au
+#          68 "AWST" and domain:au
+#
+#   This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
+#   practice.  The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
+#   the ambiguities involved.
+#
+# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
+#
+#   If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
+#   against.  One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
+#   saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
+#   understood in Australia.
+
 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
 # Shanks reports 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and New Zealand.
 # Mark Prior <mrp at itd.adelaide.edu.au> writes that his newspaper
@@ -756,6 +841,28 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # #   The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
 # #						[ Nov 1990 ]
 
+# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
+# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
+# interesting story about daylight savings time.  Dr. John Heilbron was
+# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
+# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
+# in Melbourne, Australia.
+#
+# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
+# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
+# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
+# fallen WWI soldiers.  And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
+# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
+# expected time.
+#
+# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
+# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
+# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?).  Perhaps
+# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
+#
+# [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
+# [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
+
 # New South Wales
 
 # From Arthur David Olson:
@@ -1120,6 +1227,12 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
 
+# From Rives McDow (2001-07-17):
+# The Kingdom of Tonga will move to DST at 0200 local time on Sunday,
+# November 25, 2001 and revert back to standard time at 0300 local
+# time on Sunday, March 3, 2002.
+
+
 ###############################################################################
 
 # The International Date Line
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/backward,v
retrieving revision 2001.1
retrieving revision 2001.1.0.2
diff -pu -r2001.1 -r2001.1.0.2
--- backward	2001/03/13 17:57:41	2001.1
+++ backward	2001/10/02 16:39:30	2001.1.0.2
@@ -9,8 +9,9 @@ Link	America/Indianapolis	America/Fort_W
 Link	America/Indiana/Knox	America/Knox_IN
 Link	America/Rio_Branco	America/Porto_Acre
 Link	America/St_Thomas	America/Virgin
-Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
 Link	Asia/Ashgabat		Asia/Ashkhabad
+Link	Asia/Chongqing		Asia/Chungking
+Link	Asia/Dhaka		Asia/Dacca
 Link	Asia/Jerusalem		Asia/Tel_Aviv
 Link	Asia/Thimphu		Asia/Thimbu
 Link	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Asia/Ulan_Bator
@@ -43,9 +44,9 @@ Link	Pacific/Easter		Chile/EasterIsland
 Link	America/Havana		Cuba
 Link	Africa/Cairo		Egypt
 Link	Europe/Dublin		Eire
+Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
 Link	Europe/London		GB
 Link	Europe/London		GB-Eire
-Link	Europe/Chisinau		Europe/Tiraspol
 Link	Etc/GMT+0		GMT+0
 Link	Etc/GMT-0		GMT-0
 Link	Etc/GMT0		GMT0
@@ -65,9 +66,9 @@ Link	America/Denver		Navajo
 Link	Pacific/Auckland	NZ
 Link	Pacific/Chatham		NZ-CHAT
 Link	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Pacific/Samoa
-Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
 Link	Europe/Warsaw		Poland
 Link	Europe/Lisbon		Portugal
+Link	Asia/Shanghai		PRC
 Link	Asia/Taipei		ROC
 Link	Asia/Seoul		ROK
 Link	Asia/Singapore		Singapore
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/date.c,v
retrieving revision 2001.1
retrieving revision 2001.1.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.1 -r2001.1.0.1
--- date.c	2001/03/13 17:57:37	2001.1
+++ date.c	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.1.0.1
@@ -44,6 +44,13 @@ static char sccsid[] = "@(#)date.c	4.23 
 #include "utmpx.h"
 #endif
 
+#ifndef OTIME_MSG
+#define OTIME_MSG "old time"
+#endif
+#ifndef NTIME_MSG
+#define NTIME_MSG "new time"
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The two things date knows about time are. . .
 */
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/europe,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.2
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.2
--- europe	2001/06/05 17:48:22	2001.3
+++ europe	2001/10/02 16:39:30	2001.3.0.2
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
 # </a>.
 
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-02-17):
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-18):
 #
 # For lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
 #
@@ -234,6 +234,12 @@
 #
 #
 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
+# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
+# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
+# to London.  For example:
+#
+#   "Timeball on the ballast office is down.  Dunsink time."
+#   -- James Joyce, Ulysses
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0 at office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
@@ -374,14 +380,14 @@ Zone	Europe/London	-0:01:15 -	LMT	1847 D
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
 Zone	Europe/Belfast	-0:23:40 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin/Dunsink MT
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s   # Irish Summer Time
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1968 Oct 27
 			 1:00	-	BST	1971 Oct 31 2:00u
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1996
 			 0:00	EU	GMT/BST
-Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:21 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
-			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00    # Dublin MT
+Zone	Europe/Dublin	-0:25:00 -	LMT	1880 Aug  2
+			-0:25:21 -	DMT	1916 May 21 2:00
 			-0:25:21 1:00	IST	1916 Oct  1 2:00s
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	%s	1921 Dec  6 # independence
 			 0:00	GB-Eire	GMT/IST	1940 Feb 25 2:00
@@ -728,12 +734,36 @@ Zone Atlantic/Faeroe	-0:27:04 -	LMT	1908
 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
 # rules since at least 1991.  Assume EU rules since 1980.
 
+# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
+# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
+# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
+#
+# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
+# is according to the following time line:
+#
+# The military zone near Thule	UTC-4
+# Standard Greenland time	UTC-3
+# Scoresbysund			UTC-1
+# Danmarkshavn			UTC
+#
+# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
+# introduced.
+
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-09-29):
+# The 1997 CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT; the 1995 map as like Godthab.
+# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
+# The 2000 IATA shows Thule as observing DST, so assume they stopped in 2001.
+
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
-Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
-Rule	Thule	1993	max	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
+Rule	Thule	1993	2000	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	D
+Rule	Thule	1993	2000	-	Oct	lastSun	2:00	0	S
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28
+			-3:00	-	WGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
+			-3:00	EU	WG%sT	1996
+			0:00	-	GMT
 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 -	LMT	1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
 			-2:00	-	CGT	1980 Apr  6 2:00
 			-2:00	C-Eur	CG%sT	1981 Mar 29
@@ -1081,7 +1111,7 @@ Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik	-1:27:24 -	LMT	1
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
-# called ``Palermo Time'' (+0053) and ``Cagliari Time'' (+0038).
+# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
 # so record only the time in Rome.
@@ -1442,7 +1472,7 @@ Rule	Neth	1945	only	-	Sep	16	2:00s	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone Europe/Amsterdam	0:19:32 -	LMT	1835
 			0:19:32	Neth	%s	1937 Jul  1
-			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 17 0:00 # Dutch Time
+			0:20	Neth	NE%sT	1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
 			1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945 Apr  2 2:00
 			1:00	Neth	CE%sT	1977
 			1:00	EU	CE%sT
@@ -1659,14 +1689,14 @@ Zone	Europe/Lisbon	-0:36:32 -	LMT	1884
 			 1:00	EU	CE%sT	1996 Mar 31 1:00u
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Azores	-1:42:40 -	LMT	1884		# Ponta Delgada
-			-1:55	-	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
+			-1:54:32 -	HMT	1911 May 24  # Horta Mean Time
 			-2:00	Port	AZO%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Azores Time
 			-1:00	Port	AZO%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			-1:00	W-Eur	AZO%sT	1992 Sep 27 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT	1993 Mar 28 1:00u
 			-1:00	EU	AZO%sT
 Zone Atlantic/Madeira	-1:07:36 -	LMT	1884		# Funchal
-			-1:08	-	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
+			-1:07:36 -	FMT	1911 May 24  # Funchal Mean Time
 			-1:00	Port	MAD%sT	1966 Apr  3 2:00 # Madeira Time
 			 0:00	Port	WE%sT	1983 Sep 25 1:00s
 			 0:00	EU	WE%sT
@@ -1707,6 +1737,12 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891
 # are from Andrey A. Chernov.  The rest is from Shanks, except we follow
 # Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
 #
+# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz at iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
+# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
+# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
+# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
+# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
+#
 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache at nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
@@ -1725,12 +1761,44 @@ Zone Europe/Bucharest	1:44:24 -	LMT	1891
 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
 #
+# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
+# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
+# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade.  I start with the
+# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
+# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
+# since September 1997....  Although the Kuril Islands are
+# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
+# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
+#
+# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad	 1:22:00 -	LMT	1893 Apr
 			 1:00	C-Eur	CE%sT	1945
 			 2:00	Poland	CE%sT	1946
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast', Astrakhanskaya oblast',
+# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
+# Volgogradskaya oblast', Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
+# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
+# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
+# Respublika Kareliya, Kirovskaya oblast', Respublika Komi,
+# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
+# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
+# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
+# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
+# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
+# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg, Saratovskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
+# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
+# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
+# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
+# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
 Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
 			 2:30	-	MMT	1916 Jul  3 # Moscow Mean Time
 			 2:30:48 Russia	%s	1919 Jul  1 2:00
@@ -1739,6 +1807,9 @@ Zone Europe/Moscow	 2:30:20 -	LMT	1880
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 2:00	Russia	EE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 3:00	Russia	MSK/MSD
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
 Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 Jul  1 2:00
 			 3:00	-	KUYT	1930 Jun 21 # Kuybyshev
 			 4:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1989 Mar 26 2:00s
@@ -1746,59 +1817,115 @@ Zone Europe/Samara	 3:20:36 -	LMT	1919 J
 			 2:00	Russia	KUY%sT	1991 Sep 29 2:00s
 			 3:00	-	KUYT	1991 Oct 20 3:00
 			 4:00	Russia	SAM%sT	# Samara Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
+# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
+# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
+# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
+# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg	 4:02:24 -	LMT	1919 Jul 15 4:00
 			 4:00	-	SVET	1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
 			 5:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 4:00	Russia	SVE%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	YEK%sT	# Yekaterinburg Time
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
 Zone Asia/Omsk		 4:53:36 -	LMT	1919 Nov 14
 			 5:00	-	OMST	1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 5:00	Russia	OMS%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	OMS%sT
-# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz at iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
-# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
-# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
-# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
-# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
+#
+# Novosibirskaya oblast'.
 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk	 5:31:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 14 6:00
 			 6:00	-	NOVT	1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	NOV%sT	1993 May 23 # says Shanks
 			 6:00	Russia	NOV%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kemerovskaya oblast', Krasnoyarskij kraj,
+# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug, Tomskaya oblast',
+# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk	 6:11:20 -	LMT	1920 Jan  6
 			 6:00	-	KRAT	1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 6:00	Russia	KRA%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	KRA%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
+# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
 Zone Asia/Irkutsk	 6:57:20 -	LMT	1880
 			 6:57:20 -	IMT	1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
 			 7:00	-	IRKT	1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 7:00	Russia	IRK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	IRK%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
+#
+# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
+# Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Churapchinsky,
+# Eveno-Bytantaisky, Gorny, Khangalassky, Kobyaisky, Lensky,
+# Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky, Nyurbinsky, Olenyoksky,
+# Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Ust-Aldansky,
+# Verkhnekolymsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Zhigansky.
 Zone Asia/Yakutsk	 8:38:40 -	LMT	1919 Dec 15
 			 8:00	-	YAKT	1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 8:00	Russia	YAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	YAK%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
+# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+#
+# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
+# Tomponsky, Ust-Maisky, Ust-Yansky, Verkhoyansky.
 Zone Asia/Vladivostok	 8:47:44 -	LMT	1922 Nov 15
 			 9:00	-	VLAT	1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			 9:00	Russia	VLA%sST	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	VLA%sT
+#
+# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
+# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
+Zone Asia/Sakhalin	 9:30:48 -	LMT	1905 Aug 23
+			 9:00	-	CJT	1938
+			 9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug 25
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+			11:00	Russia	SAK%sT	1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+			10:00	Russia	SAK%sT
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
+#
+# From Alan Pritchard (2001-08-24): [The Sakha districts are:]
+# Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky, Oimyakonsky.
 Zone Asia/Magadan	10:03:12 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			10:00	-	MAGT	1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			10:00	Russia	MAG%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	MAG%sT
-# This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
+#
+# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
+# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
+#
+# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
 Zone Asia/Kamchatka	10:34:36 -	LMT	1922 Nov 10
 			11:00	-	PETT	1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
 			11:00	Russia	PET%sT	1992 Jan 19 2:00s
 			12:00	Russia	PET%sT
+#
+# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
 Zone Asia/Anadyr	11:49:56 -	LMT	1924 May  2
 			12:00	-	ANAT	1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
 			13:00	Russia	ANA%sT	1982 Apr  1 0:00s
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/northamerica,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.1
--- northamerica	2001/06/05 17:48:22	2001.3
+++ northamerica	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.3.0.1
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ Rule	US	1987	max	-	Apr	Sun>=1	2:00	1:00	
 # See the file "australasia".
 
 
-# US Eastern time, represented by New York
+# US eastern time, represented by New York
 
 # Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, most of Florida,
 # Georgia, far southeastern Indiana, eastern Kentucky, Maine,
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Zone America/New_York	-4:56:02 -	LMT	188
 			-5:00	NYC	E%sT	1967
 			-5:00	US	E%sT
 
-# US Central time, represented by Chicago
+# US central time, represented by Chicago
 
 # Alabama, Arkansas, Florida panhandle, Illinois, western Indiana
 # corners, Iowa, most of Kansas, western Kentucky, Louisiana,
@@ -232,11 +232,16 @@ Zone America/Chicago	-5:50:36 -	LMT	1883
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	Chicago	C%sT	1967
 			-6:00	US	C%sT
+# Oliver County, ND switched from mountain to central time on 1992-10-25.
+Zone America/North_Dakota/Center -6:45:12 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
+			-7:00	US	M%sT	1992 Oct 25 02:00
+			-6:00	US	C%sT
 
-# US Mountain time, represented by Denver
+# US mountain time, represented by Denver
 #
 # Colorado, southern Idaho, far western Kansas, Montana, western
-# Nebraska, New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota, far eastern Oregon,
+# Nebraska, Nevada border (Jackpot, Owyhee, and Mountain City),
+# New Mexico, southwestern North Dakota, far eastern Oregon,
 # western South Dakota, far western Texas (El Paso County, Hudspeth County,
 # and Pine Springs and Nickel Creek in Culberson County), Utah, Wyoming
 #
@@ -256,7 +261,7 @@ Zone America/Denver	-6:59:56 -	LMT	1883 
 
 # US Pacific time, represented by Los Angeles
 #
-# California, northern Idaho, Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
+# California, northern Idaho, most of Nevada, most of Oregon, and Washington
 #
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER
 Rule	CA	1948	only	-	Mar	14	2:00	1:00	D
@@ -511,6 +516,13 @@ Link America/Louisville America/Kentucky
 # Wayne County (central Kentucky) is switching from Central (-0600) to Eastern
 # (-0500) time.  They won't "fall back" this year.  See Sara Shipley,
 # The difference an hour makes, Nando Times (2000-08-29 15:33 -0400).
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-16):
+# The final rule was published in the
+# <a href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2000_register&docid=fr17au00-22">
+# Federal Register 65, 160 (2000-08-17), page 50154-50158.
+# </a>
+# 
 Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:24 - LMT	1883 Nov 18 12:00
 			-6:00	US	C%sT	1946
 			-6:00	-	CST	1968
@@ -526,13 +538,20 @@ Zone America/Kentucky/Monticello -5:39:2
 # Oliver County, ND (from MST to CST) ... 1992-10
 # West Wendover, NV (from PST TO MST) ... 1999-10
 # Wayne County, KY (from CST to EST) ... 2000-10
-# There is another change in the offing; Mercer County, ND is looking
-# to change from MT to CT. It is possible that two other ND counties
-# (Sioux and Morton) will look to change also.  If made, the earliest
-# a change would be effective is October 2001.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
-# FIXME: I haven't yet had time to incorporate all the above changes.
+# From Paul Eggert (2001-07-17):
+# We don't know where the line used to be within Kearny County, KS,
+# so omit that change for now.
+# See America/Indiana/Knox for the Starke County, IN change.
+# See America/North_Dakota/Center for the Oliver County, ND change.
+# West Wendover, NV officially switched from Pacific to mountain time on
+# 1999-10-31.  See the
+# <a href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=1999_register&docid=fr21oc99-15">
+# Federal Register 64, 203 (1999-10-21), page 56705-56707.
+# </a>
+# However, the Federal Register says that West Wendover already operated
+# on mountain time, and the rule merely made this official;
+# hence a separate tz entry is not needed.
 
 # Michigan
 #
@@ -618,7 +637,7 @@ Link	Pacific/Honolulu	HST
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -1077,9 +1096,9 @@ Zone America/Dawson_Creek -8:00:56 -	LMT
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
 # <a href="http://www.nunavut.com/basicfacts/english/basicfacts_1territory.html">
 # Basic Facts: The New Territory
-# </a> (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on Eastern time,
+# </a> (1999) reports that Pangnirtung operates on eastern time,
 # and that Coral Harbour does not observe DST.  We don't know when
-# Pangnirtung switched to Eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
+# Pangnirtung switched to eastern time; we'll guess 1995.
 # We'll ignore the claim about Coral Harbour for now,
 # since we have no further info.
 
@@ -1334,6 +1353,15 @@ Zone America/Dawson	-9:17:40 -	LMT	1900 
 # References: "Diario de Monterrey" <www.diariodemonterrey.com/index.asp>
 # Palabra <http://palabra.infosel.com/010331/primera/ppri3101.pdf> (2001-03-31)
 
+# From Reuters (2001-09-04):
+# Mexico's Supreme Court on Tuesday declared that daylight savings was
+# unconstitutional in Mexico City, creating the possibility the
+# capital will be in a different time zone from the rest of the nation
+# next year....  The Supreme Court's ruling takes effect at 2:00
+# a.m. (0800 GMT) on Sept. 30, when Mexico is scheduled to revert to
+# standard time. "This is so residents of the Federal District are not
+# subject to unexpected time changes," a statement from the court said.
+
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Feb	5	0:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Mexico	1939	only	-	Jun	25	0:00	0	S
@@ -1370,7 +1398,8 @@ Zone America/Mexico_City -6:36:36 -	LMT	
 			-7:00	-	MST	1931 May  1 23:00
 			-6:00	-	CST	1931 Oct
 			-7:00	-	MST	1932 Apr  1
-			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT
+			-6:00	Mexico	C%sT	2001 Sep 30 02:00
+			-6:00	-	CST
 # Chihuahua
 Zone America/Chihuahua	-7:04:20 -	LMT	1921 Dec 31 23:55:40
 			-7:00	-	MST	1927 Jun 10 23:00
@@ -1671,7 +1700,7 @@ Zone	America/Jamaica	-5:07:12 -	LMT	1890
 # Martinique
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/Martinique	-4:04:20 -      LMT	1890		# Fort-de-France
-			-4:04	-	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
+			-4:04:20 -	FFMT	1911 May     # Fort-de-France MT
 			-4:00	-	AST	1980 Apr  6
 			-4:00	1:00	ADT	1980 Sep 28
 			-4:00	-	AST
@@ -1697,7 +1726,7 @@ Rule	Nic	1992	only	-	Jan	1	4:00	1:00	D
 Rule	Nic	1992	only	-	Sep	24	0:00	0	S
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:45	-	MMT	1934 Jun 23  # Managua Mean Time
+			-5:45:12 -	MMT	1934 Jun 23 # Managua Mean Time?
 			-6:00	-	CST	1973 May
 			-5:00	-	EST	1975 Feb 16
 			-6:00	Nic	C%sT	1993 Jan 1 4:00
@@ -1707,7 +1736,7 @@ Zone	America/Managua	-5:45:08 -	LMT	1890
 # Panama
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Panama	-5:18:08 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:20	-	PMT	1908 Apr 22   # Panama Mean Time
+			-5:19:36 -	CMT	1908 Apr 22   # Colon Mean Time
 			-5:00	-	EST
 
 # Puerto Rico
@@ -1726,7 +1755,7 @@ Zone America/St_Kitts	-4:10:52 -	LMT	191
 # St Lucia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone America/St_Lucia	-4:04:00 -	LMT	1890		# Castries
-			-4:04	-	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
+			-4:04:00 -	CMT	1912	    # Castries Mean Time
 			-4:00	-	AST
 
 # St Pierre and Miquelon
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/southamerica,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.1
--- southamerica	2001/06/05 17:48:23	2001.3
+++ southamerica	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.3.0.1
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (5th edition),
 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1999).
 #
-# Gwillim Law <Gwil_Law at bridge-point.com> writes that a good source
+# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
 # published semiannually.  Law sent in several helpful summaries
@@ -125,6 +125,29 @@ Rule	Arg	2000	only	-	Mar	Sun>=1	0:00	0	-
 # de la Rua on March 2, 2000, because it would make people spend more energy
 # in the winter time, rather than less.  The change took effect on March 3.
 #
+# From Mariano Absatz (2001-06-06):
+# one of the major newspapers here in Argentina said that the 1999
+# Timezone Law (which never was effectively applied) will (would?) be
+# in effect.... The article is at
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-06/e-01701.htm
+# ... The Law itself is "Ley No 25155", sanctioned on 1999-08-25, enacted
+# 1999-09-17, and published 1999-09-21.  The official publication is at:
+# http://www.boletin.jus.gov.ar/BON/Primera/1999/09-Septiembre/21/PDF/BO21-09-99LEG.PDF
+# Regretfully, you have to subscribe (and pay) for the on-line version....
+#
+# (2001-06-12):
+# the timezone for Argentina will not change next Sunday.
+# Apparently it will do so on Sunday 24th....
+# http://ar.clarin.com/diario/2001-06-12/s-03501.htm
+#
+# (2001-06-25):
+# Last Friday (yes, the last working day before the date of the change), the
+# Senate annulled the 1999 law that introduced the changes later postponed.
+# http://www.clarin.com.ar/diario/2001-06-22/s-03601.htm
+# It remains the vote of the Deputies..., but it will be the same....
+# This kind of things had always been done this way in Argentina.
+# We are still -03:00 all year round in all of the country.
+#
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 #
 # Buenos Aires (BA), Capital Federal (CF), Santa Cruz (SC),
@@ -206,7 +229,7 @@ Zone	America/Aruba	-4:40:24 -	LMT	1912 F
 # Bolivia
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/La_Paz	-4:32:36 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:32:36 -	LPMT	1931 Oct 15 # La Paz Mean Time
+			-4:32:36 -	CMT	1931 Oct 15 # Calamarca MT
 			-4:32:36 1:00	BOST	1932 Mar 21 # Bolivia ST
 			-4:00	-	BOT	# Bolivia Time
 
@@ -382,8 +405,14 @@ Rule	Brazil	2000	only	-	Feb	27	 0:00	0	-
 # repeals DST in PE and RR, effective 2000-10-15 00:00.
 # Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/Dec3632.jpg">3,632</a> (2000-10-17)
 # repeals DST in SE, AL, PB, RN, CE, PI and MA, effective 2000-10-22 00:00.
+# Decree <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/figuras/HV3916.gif">3,916</a>
+# (2001-09-13) reestablishes DST in AL, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE.
+#
+# The latest decree listed above says that the following states observe DST:
+# AL, BA, CE, DF, ES, GO, MA, MG, MS, MT,
+# PB, PE, PI, PR, RJ, RN, RS, SC, SE, SP, TO.
 #
-# These give only one year's rules.  After that, the rules are guesses
+# For dates after mid-2002, the following rules are guesses
 # and are quite possibly wrong, but are more likely than no DST at all.
 Rule	Brazil	2000	max	-	Oct	Sun>=8	 0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Brazil	2001	max	-	Feb	Sun>=15	 0:00	0	-
@@ -409,14 +438,16 @@ Zone America/Fortaleza	-2:34:00 -	LMT	19
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
 #
 # Pernambuco (PE) (except Atlantic islands)
 Zone America/Recife	-2:19:36 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1990 Sep 17
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 15
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
 #
 # Tocantins (TO)
 Zone America/Araguaina	-3:12:48 -	LMT	1914
@@ -431,7 +462,8 @@ Zone America/Maceio	-2:22:52 -	LMT	1914
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	1996 Sep  4
 			-3:00	-	BRT	1999 Sep 30
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT	2000 Oct 22
-			-3:00	-	BRT
+			-3:00	-	BRT	2001 Sep 13
+			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
 #
 # Bahia (BA), Goias (GO), Distrito Federal (DF), Minas Gerais (MG),
 # Espirito Santo (ES), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Sao Paulo (SP), Parana (PR),
@@ -441,7 +473,7 @@ Zone America/Sao_Paulo	-3:06:28 -	LMT	19
 			-3:00	1:00	BRST	1964
 			-3:00	Brazil	BR%sT
 #
-# Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul
+# Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS)
 Zone America/Cuiaba	-3:44:20 -	LMT	1914
 			-4:00	Brazil	AM%sT
 #
@@ -726,7 +758,7 @@ Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Jan	 1	0:00	1:00	S
 Rule	Peru	1994	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	0	-
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Lima	-5:08:12 -	LMT	1890
-			-5:09	-	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time
+			-5:08:36 -	LMT	1908 Jul 28 # Lima Mean Time?
 			-5:00	Peru	PE%sT	# Peru Time
 
 # South Georgia
@@ -811,6 +843,6 @@ Zone America/Montevideo	-3:44:44 -	LMT	1
 # Venezuela
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
 Zone	America/Caracas	-4:27:44 -	LMT	1890
-			-4:27:44 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12  # Caracas Mean Time
+			-4:27:40 -	CMT	1912 Feb 12 # Caracas Mean Time?
 			-4:30	-	VET	1965	     # Venezuela Time
 			-4:00	-	VET
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/Theory,v
retrieving revision 2001.1
retrieving revision 2001.1.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.1 -r2001.1.0.1
--- Theory	2001/03/13 17:57:31	2001.1
+++ Theory	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.1.0.1
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ POSIX.1 has the following properties and
 		stdoffset[dst[offset],date[/time],date[/time]]
 
 	where:
-	
+
 	std and dst
 		are 3 or more characters specifying the standard
 		and daylight saving time (DST) zone names.
@@ -179,11 +179,34 @@ so much the better.
 
 ----- Names of time zone rule files -----
 
-The names of this package's installed time zone rule files are chosen to
-help minimize possible future incompatibilities due to political events.
-Ordinarily, names of countries are not used, to avoid incompatibilities
-when countries change their name (e.g. Zaire->Congo) or
-when locations change countries (e.g. Hong Kong from UK colony to China).
+The time zone rule file naming conventions attempt to strike a balance
+among the following goals:
+
+ * Uniquely identify every national region where clocks have all
+   agreed since 1970.  This is essential for the intended use: static
+   clocks keeping local civil time.
+
+ * Indicate to humans as to where that region is.  This simplifes use.
+
+ * Be robust in the presence of political changes.  This reduces the
+   number of updates and backward-compatibility hacks.  For example,
+   names of countries are ordinarily not used, to avoid
+   incompatibilities when countries change their name
+   (e.g. Zaire->Congo) or when locations change countries
+   (e.g. Hong Kong from UK colony to China).
+
+ * Be portable to a wide variety of implementations.
+   This promotes use of the technology.
+
+ * Use a consistent naming convention over the entire world.
+   This simplifies both use and maintenance.
+
+This naming convention is not intended for use by inexperienced users
+to select TZ values by themselves (though they can of course examine
+and reuse existing settings).  Distributors should provide
+documentation and/or a simple selection interface that explains the
+names; see the 'tzselect' program supplied with this distribution for
+one example.
 
 Names normally have the form AREA/LOCATION, where AREA is the name
 of a continent or ocean, and LOCATION is the name of a specific
@@ -272,7 +295,7 @@ in decreasing order of importance:
 		requires at least three characters for an
 		abbreviation.  POSIX.1-1996 says that an abbreviation
 		cannot start with ':', and cannot contain ',', '-',
-		'+', NUL, or a digit.  Draft 5 of POSIX 1003.1-200x
+		'+', NUL, or a digit.  Draft 7 of POSIX 1003.1-200x
 		changes this rule to say that an abbreviation can
 		contain only '-', '+', and alphanumeric characters in
 		the current locale.  To be portable to both sets of
@@ -397,8 +420,8 @@ Newsgroups: soc.genealogy.german
 Date: Tue, 9 Feb 1999 02:32:48 -800
 Message-ID: <199902091032.CAA09644 at netcom10.netcom.com>
 
-The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of 
-European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the 
+The following is a(n incomplete) listing, arranged chronologically, of
+European states, with the date they converted from the Julian to the
 Gregorian calendar:
 
 04/15 Oct 1582 - Italy (with exceptions), Spain, Portugal, Poland (Roman
@@ -475,9 +498,9 @@ Gregorian calendar:
 
 1760-1812      - Graub"unden
 
-The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not 
+The Russian empire (including Finland and the Baltic states) did not
 convert to the Gregorian calendar until the Soviet revolution of 1917.
 
-Source:  H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen 
-Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend 
+Source:  H. Grotefend, _Taschenbuch der Zeitrechnung des deutschen
+Mittelalters und der Neuzeit_, herausgegeben von Dr. O. Grotefend
 (Hannover:  Hahnsche Buchhandlung, 1941), pp. 26-28.
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/tz-art.htm,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.1
--- tz-art.htm	2001/06/05 17:49:55	2001.3
+++ tz-art.htm	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.3.0.1
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Todd Strait, drums</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Notes</td><td>CD notes "additional lyric by Karrin Allyson;
 arranged by Russ Long and Karrin Allyson"</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A1fdovw9ta92k">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A1fdovw9ta92k">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Kevin Mahogany</td></tr>
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Ray Drummond, bass;
 Ralph Moore, tenor saxophone;
 Lewis Nash, drums</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1.5 stars</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Akikbikzjbb19">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Akikbikzjbb19">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Joe Williams</td></tr>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The Robert Farnon [39 piece] Orchestra</
 <tr><td>Notes</td><td>This CD is also available as part of a 3-CD package from
 Telarc, "Triple Play" (CD-83461)</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>black dot</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Amyyvad6kt8w1">AMG Rating</a></td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Amyyvad6kt8w1">AMG Rating</a></td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Charles Fambrough</td></tr>
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ Marion Simon, percussion</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Notes</td><td>On-line information and samples available at
 <a href="http://wwmusic.com/~music/audioq/rel/1033.html">http://wwmusic.com/~music/audioq/rel/1033.html</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2 stars</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A5rkcikcjbb89">AMG Rating</a></td><td>unrated</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A5rkcikcjbb89">AMG Rating</a></td><td>unrated</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 </table>
 <hr />
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ David Piltch, string bass</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Notes</td><td>Lyrical reference to "Eastern Standard Time" in
 Tom Waits' "Purple Avenue"</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>2.5 stars</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A3a9ds37ya3dg">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A3a9ds37ya3dg">AMG Rating</a></td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>unrated</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Milt Hinton</td></tr>
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ and Good Time Charlie
 On-line samples available at
 <a href="http://www.chiaroscurojazz.com/albuminfo.php3?albumid=49">http://www.chiaroscurojazz.com/albuminfo.php3?albumid=49</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A1cbyxdab8ola">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A1cbyxdab8ola">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4.5 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Alan Broadbent</td></tr>
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Putter Smith, Bass;
 Frank Gibson, Jr., drums</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Notes</td><td>The CD cover features an analemma for equation-of-time fans</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>1 star</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Asl8zefuk8gfo">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=Asl8zefuk8gfo">AMG Rating</a></td><td>4 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Penguin Rating</td><td>3.5 stars</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Anthony Braxton/Richard Teitelbaum</td></tr>
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ Leo Smith, trumpet and miscellaneous ins
 Leroy Jenkins, violin and miscellaneous instruments;
 Richard Teitelbaum, modular moog and micromoog synthesizer</td></tr>
 <tr><td>ADO Rating</td><td>black dot</td></tr>
-<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A5bkvu3xjan1k">AMG Rating</a></td><td>unrated</td></tr>
+<tr><td><a href="http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=A5bkvu3xjan1k">AMG Rating</a></td><td>unrated</td></tr>
 <tr><td> </td></tr>
 <tr><td>Artist</td><td>Jules Verne</td></tr>
 <tr><td>Book</td><td>Le Tour du Monde en Quatre-Vingts Jours
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/tz-link.htm,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.2
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.2
--- tz-link.htm	2001/06/05 17:48:21	2001.3
+++ tz-link.htm	2001/10/02 17:00:51	2001.3.0.2
@@ -40,12 +40,26 @@ including
 <a href="http://www.netbsd.org/">NetBSD</a>,
 <a href="http://www.openbsd.org/">OpenBSD</a>,
 <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/">DJGPP</a>,
-<a href="http://unix.hp.com/operating/">HP-UX</a>,
+<a href="http://www.hp.com/products1/unix/operating/index.html">HP-UX</a>,
 <a href="http://www.sgi.com/developers/technology/irix.html">IRIX</a>,
-<a href="http://www.sco.com/products/openserver/">SCO OpenServer</a>,
-<a href="http://www.sun.com/solaris/">Solaris</a>,
-<a href="http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/">Tru64</a>, and
-<a href="http://www.sco.com/unixware/">UnixWare</a>.</p>
+<a href="http://www.caldera.com/products/openunix/">Open UNIX</a>,
+<a href="http://www.sun.com/solaris/">Solaris</a>, and
+<a href="http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/">Tru64</a>.</p>
+<p>
+Each location in the database represents a national region where all
+clocks keeping local time have agreed since 1970.
+Locations are identified by continent or ocean and then by the name of
+the location, which is typically the largest city within the region.
+For example, <code>America/New_York</code>
+represents most of the US eastern time zone;
+<code>America/Indianapolis</code> represents most of Indiana, which
+uses eastern time without daylight saving time (DST);
+<code>America/Detroit</code> represents most of Michigan, which uses
+eastern time but with different DST rules in 1975;
+and other entries represent smaller regions like Starke County,
+Kentucky, which switched from central to eastern time in 1991.
+To use the database, set the <code>TZ</code> environment variable to
+the location's full name, e.g., <code>TZ="America/New_York"</code>.</p>
 <p>
 In the <code>tz</code> database's
 <a href="ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/">FTP distribution</a>,
@@ -53,19 +67,16 @@ the code is in the file <code>tzcode<var
 where <code><var>C</var></code> is the code's version;
 similarly, the data are in <code>tzdata<var>D</var>.tar.gz</code>,
 where <code><var>D</var></code> is the data's version.
-The following shell commands use <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">GNU wget</a> to download
+The following shell commands download
 these files to a GNU/Linux or similar host; see the downloaded
 <code>README</code> file for what to do next.</p>
-<pre style="margin-left: 2em"><code>mkdir tz
-cd tz
-wget 'ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tz*.tar.gz'
-gzip -dc tzcode*.tar.gz | tar -xf -
+<pre style="margin-left: 2em"><code><a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/">wget</a> 'ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tz*.tar.gz'
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/">gzip</a> -dc tzcode*.tar.gz | <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/">tar</a> -xf -
 gzip -dc tzdata*.tar.gz | tar -xf -
 </code></pre>
 <p>
 The code lets you compile the <code>tz</code> source files into
-machine-readable binary files, one for each location.  It also lets
+machine-readable binary files, one for each location. It also lets
 you read a <code>tz</code> binary file and interpret time stamps for that
 location.</p>
 <p>
@@ -75,8 +86,7 @@ mailing list</a>. You can also <a
 href="mailto:tz-request at elsie.nci.nih.gov">subscribe</a> to the
 mailing list, or retrieve the <a
 href="ftp://elsie.nci.nih.gov/pub/tzarchive.gz">archive of old
-messages</a> (in <a href="http://www.gzip.org/">gzip</a> compressed
-format).</p>
+messages</a> (in gzip compressed format).</p>
 <p>
 The Web has several other sources for time zone and daylight saving time data.
 Here are some recent links that may be of interest.
@@ -86,8 +96,8 @@ Here are some recent links that may be o
 <li><a href="http://www.bsdi.com/date/">Date and Time Gateway</a> is a
 text-based point-and-click interface to tables of current time
 throughout the world.</li>
-<li><a href="http://sandbox.xerox.com/stewart/tzconvert.cgi">CGI/1.0
-URL Timezone Converter</a> is a similar interface, with source code
+<li><a href="http://sandbox.xerox.com/stewart/tzconvert.cgi">Timezone
+Converter</a> is a similar interface, with source code
 written in <a href="http://www.perl.org/">Perl</a>, using what Paul
 Stewart calls the "20-line hack no one will let me forget".</li>
 <li>Fancier web interfaces, roughly in ascending order of complexity, include:
@@ -108,7 +118,8 @@ is a web interface to a time zone databa
 </ul>
 <h2>Other <code>tz</code> compilers</h2>
 <ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.karuna.freeserve.co.uk/vzic.tgz">Vzic</a>
+<li><a href="http://primates.ximian.com/~damon/icalendar/">Olson ->
+VTIMEZONE Converter</a> describes a program Vzic that
 compiles <code>tz</code> source into VTIMEZONE text as specified by
 the <a href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2445.txt">iCalendar</a>
 specification published by the <a
@@ -165,10 +176,13 @@ is another time zone database.</li>
 contains data from the Time Service Department of the US Naval Observatory
 (USNO), used as the source
 for the <code>usno*</code> files in the <code>tz</code> distribution.</li>
-<li>The <a href="http://www.iata.org/">International
-Air Transport Association</a>
-publishes the <a href="http://www.iata.org/sked/ssim.htm">Standard
-Schedules Information Manual</a>,
+<li><a href="http://www.airportcitycodes.com/aaa/">Airlines, Airplanes
+and Airports</a> lists current standard times for thousands of
+airports around the world. This seems to be derived from
+the <a href="http://www.iata.org/sked/ssim.htm">Standard
+Schedules Information Manual</a> of the
+the <a href="http://www.iata.org/">International Air Transport
+Association</a>,
 which gives current time zone rules for
 all the airports served by commercial aviation.</li>
 </ul>
@@ -176,20 +190,19 @@ all the airports served by commercial av
 <ul>
 <li>The <a href="http://www.odci.gov/">United States Central
 Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a> publishes a <a
-href="http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/reference/Low%20res%20PDF/low802700.pdf">time
+href="http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ref/pdf/802801.pdf">time
 zone map</a>; the
-<a href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/world_maps.html">
-Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection</a>
+<a
+href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/world.html">Perry-Castañeda
+Library Map Collection</a>
 of the University of Texas at Austin has copies of
 recent editions.
 The pictorial quality is good,
 but the maps do not indicate summer time,
 and parts of the data are a few years out of date.</li>
-<li><a href="http://worldtimezone.com/">World timezones map with
-current time</a>
-has several fancy time zone maps; it covers Russia particularly well.
-The maps' pictorial quality is not quite as good as the CIA's
-but the maps are more up to date.</li>
+<li><a href="http://wwg.lgg.ru/russia/timezone.html"
+hreflang="ru">Map of Russian Federation time zones (in Russian)</a>
+has a wealth of information about Russian time zones.</li>
 </ul>
 <h2>Time zone boundaries</h2>
 <ul>
@@ -202,6 +215,9 @@ Time Zones</a> publishes the same data i
 <li>The US Geological Survey's National Atlas of the United States
 publishes the <a href="http://www.nationalatlas.gov/timeznm.html">Time
 Zones of the United States</a> in the public domain.</li>
+<li>The National Weather Service publishes <a
+href="http://isl715.nws.noaa.gov/mapdata/newcat/county/county_all.htm">outlines
+of US counties and their time zones</a> in the public domain.</li>
 <li>The GeoCommunity lists several commercial sources for <a
 href="http://spatialnews.geocomm.com/features/timezones/">International
 Time Zones and Time Zone Data</a>.</li>
@@ -226,6 +242,10 @@ time zone boundary.</li>
 href="http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html#more">Australia's
 Daylight Saving Times</a> contains pointers to government records and to
 histories of daylight saving.</dd>
+<dt>Belgium</dt>
+<dd>The Royal Observatory of Belgium maintains a table of <a
+href="http://www.astro.oma.be/GENERAL/INFO/nli001a.html"
+hreflang="nl">time in Belgium (in Dutch)</a>.</dd>
 <dt>Brazil</dt>
 <dd>The Time Service Department of the National Observatory
 records <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/DecHV.html"
@@ -238,7 +258,7 @@ href="http://www.nrc.ca/inms/time/tze.ht
 Saving Time</a>.</dd>
 <dt>Germany</dt>
 <dd>The National Institute for Science and Technology maintains the <a
-href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">Realisation of
+href="http://www.ptb.de/en/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">Realisation of
 Legal Time in Germany</a>.</dd>
 <dt>Israel</dt>
 <dd>The Ministry of Interior periodically issues <a
@@ -257,7 +277,10 @@ covers the history of local time in the 
 <dd><a
 href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">History of
 legal time in Britain</a> is an excellent discussion for the country
-with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.</dd>
+with perhaps the best-documented history of clock adjustments.
+The National Physical Laboratory also maintains an <a
+href="http://www.npl.co.uk/npl/ctm/summer_time_archive.html">archive
+of summer time dates</a>.</dd>
 </dl></li>
 </ul>
 <h2>Precision timekeeping</h2>
@@ -266,7 +289,7 @@ with perhaps the best-documented history
 href="http://literature.agilent.com/litwebbin/purl.cgi?org_id=tmo&pub_id=5965-7984E">The
 Science of Timekeeping</a> is an excellent and thorough introduction
 to the theory and practice of precision timekeeping.</li>
-<li><a href="http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~ntp/">Time Server</a> discusses
+<li><a href="http://www.ntp.org/">Time Server</a> discusses
 the Network Time Protocol (NTP), used to synchronize clocks of
 Internet hosts.</li>
 <li><a href="http://ecco.bsee.swin.edu.au/chronos/GMT-explained.html">A
@@ -305,9 +328,9 @@ has plans to report on this proposal by 
 <li>
 <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html">A Summary of
 the International Standard Date and Time Notation</a> is a good
-summary of <a href="http://www.iso.ch/markete/8601.pdf">ISO
+summary of ISO
 8601:1988 - Data elements and interchange formats - Information interchange
-- Representation of dates and times</a> (which has been superseded by
+- Representation of dates and times (which has been superseded by
 <a href="http://www.iso.ch/cate/d26780.html">ISO 8601:2000</a>).</li>
 <li>
 Section 3.3 of <a
@@ -316,9 +339,19 @@ specifies the time notation used in emai
 href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2616.txt">HTTP</a> headers.</li>
 <li>
 <a
-href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-impp-datetime-03.txt">Date
+href="ftp://ftp.isi.edu/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-impp-datetime-04.txt">Date
 and Time on the Internet: Timestamps</a> proposes an ISO 8601 profile
 for use in new Internet protocols.</li>
+<li>
+Alphabetic time zone abbreviations should not be used as unique
+identifiers for UTC offsets as they are ambiguous in practice. For
+example, "EST" denotes 5 hours behind UTC in English-speaking North
+America, but it denotes 10 or 11 hours ahead of UTC in Australia;
+and French-speaking North Americans prefer "HNE" to "EST". For
+compatibility with <a href="http://www.pasc.org/#POSIX">POSIX</a> the
+<code>tz</code> database contains English abbreviations for all time
+stamps but in many cases these are merely inventions of the database
+maintainers.</li>
 </ul>
 <h2>Related indexes</h2>
 <ul>
===================================================================
RCS file: RCS/zone.tab,v
retrieving revision 2001.3
retrieving revision 2001.3.0.1
diff -pu -r2001.3 -r2001.3.0.1
--- zone.tab	2001/06/05 17:48:23	2001.3
+++ zone.tab	2001/10/02 06:13:03	2001.3.0.1
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
 CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most locations
 CL	-2710-10927	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island & Sala y Gomez
 CM	+0403+00942	Africa/Douala
-CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	north Manchuria
-CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	China coast
-CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chungking	China mountains
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Tibet & Xinjiang
+CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	most eastern locations
+CN	+4545+12641	Asia/Harbin	Heilongjiang
+CN	+2934+10635	Asia/Chongqing	central China
+CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Tibet & most of Xinjiang
 CN	+3929+07559	Asia/Kashgar	Eastern Turkestan
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
@@ -168,9 +168,10 @@ GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
 GH	+0533-00013	Africa/Accra
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
-GL	+7030-02215	America/Scoresbysund	east Greenland
-GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	southwest Greenland
-GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	northwest Greenland
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Godthab	most locations
+GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	Danmarkshavn
+GL	+7030-02215	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund / Ittoqqortoormiit
+GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule / Pituffik and environs
 GM	+1328-01639	Africa/Banjul
 GN	+0931-01343	Africa/Conakry
 GP	+1614-06132	America/Guadeloupe
@@ -239,7 +240,7 @@ ML	+1446-00301	Africa/Timbuktu	northeast
 MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Rangoon
 MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most locations
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Olgiy, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
-#MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar (unsure about this)
+MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sukhbaatar
 MO	+2214+11335	Asia/Macao
 MP	+1512+14545	Pacific/Saipan
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
@@ -305,7 +306,8 @@ RU	+5601+09250	Asia/Krasnoyarsk	Moscow+0
 RU	+5216+10420	Asia/Irkutsk	Moscow+05 - Lake Baikal
 RU	+6200+12940	Asia/Yakutsk	Moscow+06 - Lena River
 RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	Moscow+07 - Amur River
-RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan & Sakhalin
+RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	Moscow+07 - Sakhalin Island
+RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	Moscow+08 - Magadan
 RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	Moscow+09 - Kamchatka
 RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	Moscow+10 - Bering Sea
 RW	-0157+03004	Africa/Kigali
@@ -363,6 +365,7 @@ US	+411745-0863730	America/Indiana/Knox	
 US	+384452-0850402	America/Indiana/Vevay	Eastern Standard Time - Indiana - Switzerland County
 US	+415100-0873900	America/Chicago	Central Time
 US	+450628-0873651	America/Menominee	Central Time - Michigan - Wisconsin border
+US	+470659-1011757	America/North_Dakota/Center	Central Time - North Dakota - Oliver County
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain Time
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain Time - south Idaho & east Oregon
 US	+364708-1084111	America/Shiprock	Mountain Time - Navajo



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