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Further to my ealier info, I have finally managed to find an official
notice on a NZ government website.<br>
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Index?OpenDocument">http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Index?OpenDocument</a><br>
<br>
The site goes on to explain that the Chathams stays in sync with any NZ
times, but in advance by 45mins. So in short, both NZ and the Chathams
need the TZ files to be updated.<br>
<br>
Cheers<br>
Will<br>
<br>
Will Mooar wrote:
<blockquote cite="mid4636A321.9080900@tait.co.nz" type="cite">Hi there
<br>
Thanks for your wonder TZ database, it's a real, um, time saver!
<br>
<br>
Here are the changes I gleaned from this article:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411368/1088906">http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411368/1088906</a>. I hope I have got the
rules right!
<br>
Unfortunately I cannot yet locate an official document stating the
changes, but maybe you may be able to?
<br>
<br>
File: australasia, New Zealand section
<br>
Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00
D (end date changed)
<br>
Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s
1:00 D (end date changed)
<br>
Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0
S (end date changed)
<br>
Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s
0 S (end date changed)
<br>
Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00
D (added)
<br>
Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s
1:00 D (added)
<br>
Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0
S (added)
<br>
Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0
S (added)
<br>
<br>
I have assumed the DST changes relate to both NZ and the Chathams and
have updated the table to match, but can't verify this.
<br>
<br>
Kind regards
<br>
Will
<br>
<pre wrap="">
<hr size="4" width="90%">
# @(#)australasia        8.6
# <pre>
# This file also includes Pacific islands.
# Notes are at the end of this file
###############################################################################
# Australia
# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        Aus        1917        only        -        Jan         1        0:01        1:00        -
Rule        Aus        1917        only        -        Mar        25        2:00        0        -
Rule        Aus        1942        only        -        Jan         1        2:00        1:00        -
Rule        Aus        1942        only        -        Mar        29        2:00        0        -
Rule        Aus        1942        only        -        Sep        27        2:00        1:00        -
Rule        Aus        1943        1944        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00        0        -
Rule        Aus        1943        only        -        Oct         3        2:00        1:00        -
# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
# Northern Territory
Zone Australia/Darwin         8:43:20 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                         9:00        -        CST        1899 May
                         9:30        Aus        CST
# Western Australia
#
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AW        1974        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AW        1975        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AW        1983        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AW        1984        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AW        1991        only        -        Nov        17        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AW        1992        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AW        2006        only        -        Dec         3        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AW        2007        2009        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AW        2007        2008        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Zone Australia/Perth         7:43:24 -        LMT        1895 Dec
                         8:00        Aus        WST        1943 Jul
                         8:00        AW        WST
Zone Australia/Eucla         8:35:28 -        LMT        1895 Dec
                         8:45        Aus        CWST        1943 Jul
                         8:45        AW        CWST
# Queensland
#
# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
# Queensland ceased to.
#
# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
# so use Lindeman.
#
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AQ        1971        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AQ        1972        only        -        Feb        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AQ        1989        1991        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AQ        1990        1992        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        Holiday        1992        1993        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        Holiday        1993        1994        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Zone Australia/Brisbane        10:12:08 -        LMT        1895
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1971
                        10:00        AQ        EST
Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 -        LMT        1895
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1971
                        10:00        AQ        EST        1992 Jul
                        10:00        Holiday        EST
# South Australia
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AS        1971        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AS        1986        only        -        Oct        19        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AS        1987        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AS        1972        only        -        Feb        27        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1973        1985        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1986        1989        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1990        only        -        Mar        Sun>=18        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1991        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1992        only        -        Mar        Sun>=18        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1993        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1994        only        -        Mar        Sun>=18        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        1995        2005        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        2006        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AS        2007        max        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Adelaide        9:14:20 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        9:00        -        CST        1899 May
                        9:30        Aus        CST        1971
                        9:30        AS        CST
# Tasmania
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"><http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml></a>
# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
#
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AT        1967        only        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1968        only        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1968        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1969        1971        -        Mar        Sun>=8        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1972        only        -        Feb        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1973        1981        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1982        1983        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1984        1986        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1986        only        -        Oct        Sun>=15        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1987        1990        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        1987        only        -        Oct        Sun>=22        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1988        1990        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1991        1999        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        1991        2005        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        2000        only        -        Aug        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        2001        max        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AT        2006        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AT        2007        max        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Hobart        9:49:16        -        LMT        1895 Sep
                        10:00        -        EST        1916 Oct 1 2:00
                        10:00        1:00        EST        1917 Feb
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1967
                        10:00        AT        EST
Zone Australia/Currie        9:35:28        -        LMT        1895 Sep
                        10:00        -        EST        1916 Oct 1 2:00
                        10:00        1:00        EST        1917 Feb
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1971 Jul
                        10:00        AT        EST
# Victoria
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AV        1971        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AV        1972        only        -        Feb        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        1973        1985        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        1986        1990        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        1986        1987        -        Oct        Sun>=15        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AV        1988        1999        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AV        1991        1994        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        1995        2005        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        2000        only        -        Aug        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AV        2001        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AV        2006        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AV        2007        max        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1971
                        10:00        AV        EST
# New South Wales
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        AN        1971        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AN        1972        only        -        Feb        27        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1973        1981        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1982        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1983        1985        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1986        1989        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1986        only        -        Oct        19        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AN        1987        1999        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AN        1990        1995        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        1996        2005        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        2000        only        -        Aug        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AN        2001        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        -
Rule        AN        2006        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        -
Rule        AN        2007        max        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00s        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Australia/Sydney        10:04:52 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        10:00        Aus        EST        1971
                        10:00        AN        EST
Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        10:00        -        EST        1896 Aug 23
                        9:00        -        CST        1899 May
                        9:30        Aus        CST        1971
                        9:30        AN        CST        2000
                        9:30        AS        CST
# Lord Howe Island
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        LH        1981        1984        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        -
Rule        LH        1982        1985        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00        0        -
Rule        LH        1985        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        0:30        -
Rule        LH        1986        1989        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00        0        -
Rule        LH        1986        only        -        Oct        19        2:00        0:30        -
Rule        LH        1987        1999        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        0:30        -
Rule        LH        1990        1995        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00        0        -
Rule        LH        1996        2005        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00        0        -
Rule        LH        2000        only        -        Aug        lastSun        2:00        0:30        -
Rule        LH        2001        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        0:30        -
Rule        LH        2006        only        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00        0        -
Rule        LH        2007        max        -        Mar        lastSun        2:00        0        -
Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        10:00        -        EST        1981 Mar
                        10:30        LH        LHST
# Australian miscellany
#
# Ashmore Is, Cartier
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
# no times are set
#
# Coral Sea Is
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# no times are set
#
# Macquarie
# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
# like Australia/Hobart
# Christmas
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Indian/Christmas        7:02:52 -        LMT        1895 Feb
                        7:00        -        CXT        # Christmas Island Time
# Cook Is
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        Cook        1978        only        -        Nov        12        0:00        0:30        HS
Rule        Cook        1979        1991        -        Mar        Sun>=1        0:00        0        -
Rule        Cook        1979        1990        -        Oct        lastSun        0:00        0:30        HS
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Rarotonga        -10:39:04 -        LMT        1901                # Avarua
                        -10:30        -        CKT        1978 Nov 12        # Cook Is Time
                        -10:00        Cook        CK%sT
# Cocos
# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Indian/Cocos        6:27:40        -        LMT        1900
                        6:30        -        CCT        # Cocos Islands Time
# Fiji
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        Fiji        1998        1999        -        Nov        Sun>=1        2:00        1:00        S
Rule        Fiji        1999        2000        -        Feb        lastSun        3:00        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Fiji        11:53:40 -        LMT        1915 Oct 26        # Suva
                        12:00        Fiji        FJ%sT        # Fiji Time
# French Polynesia
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Gambier         -8:59:48 -        LMT        1912 Oct        # Rikitea
                         -9:00        -        GAMT        # Gambier Time
Zone        Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 -        LMT        1912 Oct
                         -9:30        -        MART        # Marquesas Time
Zone        Pacific/Tahiti         -9:58:16 -        LMT        1912 Oct        # Papeete
                        -10:00        -        TAHT        # Tahiti Time
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# it is uninhabited.
# Guam
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Guam        -14:21:00 -        LMT        1844 Dec 31
                         9:39:00 -        LMT        1901                # Agana
                        10:00        -        GST        2000 Dec 23        # Guam
                        10:00        -        ChST        # Chamorro Standard Time
# Kiribati
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tarawa         11:32:04 -        LMT        1901                # Bairiki
                         12:00        -        GILT                 # Gilbert Is Time
Zone Pacific/Enderbury        -11:24:20 -        LMT        1901
                        -12:00        -        PHOT        1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
                        -11:00        -        PHOT        1995
                         13:00        -        PHOT
Zone Pacific/Kiritimati        -10:29:20 -        LMT        1901
                        -10:40        -        LINT        1979 Oct # Line Is Time
                        -10:00        -        LINT        1995
                         14:00        -        LINT
# N Mariana Is
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Saipan        -14:17:00 -        LMT        1844 Dec 31
                         9:43:00 -        LMT        1901
                         9:00        -        MPT        1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
                        10:00        -        MPT        2000 Dec 23
                        10:00        -        ChST        # Chamorro Standard Time
# Marshall Is
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Majuro        11:24:48 -        LMT        1901
                        11:00        -        MHT        1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
                        12:00        -        MHT
Zone Pacific/Kwajalein        11:09:20 -        LMT        1901
                        11:00        -        MHT        1969 Oct
                        -12:00        -        KWAT        1993 Aug 20        # Kwajalein Time
                        12:00        -        MHT
# Micronesia
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Truk        10:07:08 -        LMT        1901
                        10:00        -        TRUT                        # Truk Time
Zone Pacific/Ponape        10:32:52 -        LMT        1901                # Kolonia
                        11:00        -        PONT                        # Ponape Time
Zone Pacific/Kosrae        10:51:56 -        LMT        1901
                        11:00        -        KOST        1969 Oct        # Kosrae Time
                        12:00        -        KOST        1999
                        11:00        -        KOST
# Nauru
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Nauru        11:07:40 -        LMT        1921 Jan 15        # Uaobe
                        11:30        -        NRT        1942 Mar 15        # Nauru Time
                        9:00        -        JST        1944 Aug 15
                        11:30        -        NRT        1979 May
                        12:00        -        NRT
# New Caledonia
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        NC        1977        1978        -        Dec        Sun>=1        0:00        1:00        S
Rule        NC        1978        1979        -        Feb        27        0:00        0        -
Rule        NC        1996        only        -        Dec         1        2:00s        1:00        S
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule        NC        1997        only        -        Mar         2        2:00s        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Noumea        11:05:48 -        LMT        1912 Jan 13
                        11:00        NC        NC%sT
###############################################################################
# New Zealand
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        NZ        1927        only        -        Nov         6        2:00        1:00        S
Rule        NZ        1928        only        -        Mar         4        2:00        0        M
Rule        NZ        1928        1933        -        Oct        Sun>=8        2:00        0:30        S
Rule        NZ        1929        1933        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00        0        M
Rule        NZ        1934        1940        -        Apr        lastSun        2:00        0        M
Rule        NZ        1934        1940        -        Sep        lastSun        2:00        0:30        S
Rule        NZ        1946        only        -        Jan         1        0:00        0        S
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
Rule        NZ        1974        only        -        Nov        Sun>=1        2:00s        1:00        D
Rule        Chatham        1974        only        -        Nov        Sun>=1        2:45s        1:00        D
Rule        NZ        1975        only        -        Feb        lastSun        2:00s        0        S
Rule        Chatham        1975        only        -        Feb        lastSun        2:45s        0        S
Rule        NZ        1975        1988        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        D
Rule        Chatham        1975        1988        -        Oct        lastSun        2:45s        1:00        D
Rule        NZ        1976        1989        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        S
Rule        Chatham        1976        1989        -        Mar        Sun>=1        2:45s        0        S
Rule        NZ        1989        only        -        Oct        Sun>=8        2:00s        1:00        D
Rule        Chatham        1989        only        -        Oct        Sun>=8        2:45s        1:00        D
Rule        NZ        1990        2006        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:00s        1:00        D
Rule        Chatham        1990        2006        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:45s        1:00        D
Rule        NZ        1990        2007        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:00s        0        S
Rule        Chatham        1990        2007        -        Mar        Sun>=15        2:45s        0        S
Rule        NZ        2007        max        -        Sep        lastSun        2:00s        1:00        D
Rule        Chatham        2007        max        -        Sep        lastSun        2:45s        1:00        D
Rule        NZ        2008        max        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:00s        0        S
Rule        Chatham        2008        max        -        Apr        Sun>=1        2:45s        0        S
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Auckland        11:39:04 -        LMT        1868 Nov 2
                        11:30        NZ        NZ%sT        1946 Jan 1
                        12:00        NZ        NZ%sT
Zone Pacific/Chatham        12:13:48 -        LMT        1957 Jan 1
                        12:45        Chatham        CHA%sT
# Auckland Is
# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered
# Campbell I
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
# was probably like Pacific/Auckland
###############################################################################
# Niue
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Niue        -11:19:40 -        LMT        1901                # Alofi
                        -11:20        -        NUT        1951        # Niue Time
                        -11:30        -        NUT        1978 Oct 1
                        -11:00        -        NUT
# Norfolk
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Norfolk        11:11:52 -        LMT        1901                # Kingston
                        11:12        -        NMT        1951        # Norfolk Mean Time
                        11:30        -        NFT                # Norfolk Time
# Palau (Belau)
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Palau        8:57:56 -        LMT        1901                # Koror
                        9:00        -        PWT        # Palau Time
# Papua New Guinea
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -        LMT        1880
                        9:48:32        -        PMMT        1895        # Port Moresby Mean Time
                        10:00        -        PGT                # Papua New Guinea Time
# Pitcairn
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Pitcairn        -8:40:20 -        LMT        1901                # Adamstown
                        -8:30        -        PNT        1998 Apr 27 00:00
                        -8:00        -        PST        # Pitcairn Standard Time
# American Samoa
Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago         12:37:12 -        LMT        1879 Jul 5
                        -11:22:48 -        LMT        1911
                        -11:30        -        SAMT        1950                # Samoa Time
                        -11:00        -        NST        1967 Apr        # N=Nome
                        -11:00        -        BST        1983 Nov 30        # B=Bering
                        -11:00        -        SST                        # S=Samoa
# Samoa
Zone Pacific/Apia         12:33:04 -        LMT        1879 Jul 5
                        -11:26:56 -        LMT        1911
                        -11:30        -        SAMT        1950                # Samoa Time
                        -11:00        -        WST                        # Samoa Time
# Solomon Is
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 -        LMT        1912 Oct        # Honiara
                        11:00        -        SBT        # Solomon Is Time
# Tokelau Is
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Fakaofo        -11:24:56 -        LMT        1901
                        -10:00        -        TKT        # Tokelau Time
# Tonga
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        Tonga        1999        only        -        Oct         7        2:00s        1:00        S
Rule        Tonga        2000        only        -        Mar        19        2:00s        0        -
Rule        Tonga        2000        2001        -        Nov        Sun>=1        2:00        1:00        S
Rule        Tonga        2001        2002        -        Jan        lastSun        2:00        0        -
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Tongatapu        12:19:20 -        LMT        1901
                        12:20        -        TOT        1941 # Tonga Time
                        13:00        -        TOT        1999
                        13:00        Tonga        TO%sT
# Tuvalu
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Funafuti        11:56:52 -        LMT        1901
                        12:00        -        TVT        # Tuvalu Time
# US minor outlying islands
# Howland, Baker
# uninhabited since World War II
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Pago_Pago
# Jarvis
# uninhabited since 1958
# no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
# Johnston
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone Pacific/Johnston        -10:00        -        HST
# Kingman
# uninhabited
# Midway
#
# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
# designations that I've never seen before:....
# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
#
Zone Pacific/Midway        -11:49:28 -        LMT        1901
                        -11:00        -        NST        1956 Jun 3
                        -11:00        1:00        NDT        1956 Sep 2
                        -11:00        -        NST        1967 Apr        # N=Nome
                        -11:00        -        BST        1983 Nov 30        # B=Bering
                        -11:00        -        SST                        # S=Samoa
# Palmyra
# uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
# Wake
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Wake        11:06:28 -        LMT        1901
                        12:00        -        WAKT        # Wake Time
# Vanuatu
# Rule        NAME        FROM        TO        TYPE        IN        ON        AT        SAVE        LETTER/S
Rule        Vanuatu        1983        only        -        Sep        25        0:00        1:00        S
Rule        Vanuatu        1984        1991        -        Mar        Sun>=23        0:00        0        -
Rule        Vanuatu        1984        only        -        Oct        23        0:00        1:00        S
Rule        Vanuatu        1985        1991        -        Sep        Sun>=23        0:00        1:00        S
Rule        Vanuatu        1992        1993        -        Jan        Sun>=23        0:00        0        -
Rule        Vanuatu        1992        only        -        Oct        Sun>=23        0:00        1:00        S
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Efate        11:13:16 -        LMT        1912 Jan 13                # Vila
                        11:00        Vanuatu        VU%sT        # Vanuatu Time
# Wallis and Futuna
# Zone        NAME                GMTOFF        RULES        FORMAT        [UNTIL]
Zone        Pacific/Wallis        12:15:20 -        LMT        1901
                        12:00        -        WFT        # Wallis & Futuna Time
###############################################################################
# NOTES
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov">tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov</a> for general use in the future).
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
#
# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
#
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
#
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
#
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
#
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
#                std dst
#                LMT        Local Mean Time
#         8:00        WST WST        Western Australia
#         8:45        CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
#         9:00        JST        Japan
#         9:30        CST CST        Central Australia
#         10:00        EST EST        Eastern Australia
#         10:00        ChST        Chamorro
#         10:30        LHST LHST Lord Howe*
#         11:30        NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
#         12:00        NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
#         12:45        CHAST CHADT Chatham*
#        -11:00        SST        Samoa
#        -10:00        HST        Hawaii
#        - 8:00        PST        Pitcairn*
#
# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
###############################################################################
# Australia
# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml">"http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml"</a>>
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving">"http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving"</a>>
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
# time'.
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
#        CST        for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
#        WST        for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
#        EST        for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time"><http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia-13time></a>
# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml"><http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml></a>
# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
# versus "AEST" etc.:
#
# I see the following points of dispute:
#
# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
#
# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
# (e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
#
# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
#
# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
#
# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
# Time, for example.
#
# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
# tiebreaker.
#
# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
# the word "Australian"?
#
# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
# following count of page hits:
#
# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
#
# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
#
# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
# are the hit counts anyway:
#
# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
#
# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
#
# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
#
# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
# the ambiguities involved.
#
# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
#
# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
# saying that both AEST/AEDT and EST/EST are widely used and
# understood in Australia.
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
#
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
#
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html">"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html"</a>>
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# </a>
# ACT
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html">"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html"</a>>
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
# </a>
# SA
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html">"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html"</a>>
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# </a>
# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
#
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
# to extend DST together in 2006.
# ACT: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt">http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt</a>
# New South Wales: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html">http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html</a>
# South Australia: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html">http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html</a>
# Tasmania: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772">http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772</a>
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
# allude to it.
# But not Queensland
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html">http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html</a>.
# Northern Territory
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
# #                                        [ Nov 1990 ]
# #        N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
# ...
# Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
# Western Australia
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
# #                                                [ Nov 1990 ]
# #        W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
# #        DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
# #        usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
# #        before reaching parliament.
# ...
# Zone        Australia/West                8:00        AW        %sST
# ...
# Rule        AW        1974        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        AW        1975        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        W
# Rule        AW        1983        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        AW        1984        only        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        W
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
# work at 9.00am.)
# W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
# everybody again.
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm">"http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm"</a>>
# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
# Queensland
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# #                                                [ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone        Australia/Queensland        10:00        AQ        %sST
# ...
# Rule        AQ        1971        only        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        AQ        1972        only        -        Feb        lastSun        3:00        0        E
# Rule        AQ        1989        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        AQ        1990        max        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        E
# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
# "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
# October 1989).
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
# me.)
# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
# ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
# ...
# Rule        QLD        1989        1991        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        QLD        1990        1992        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        S
# ...
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
# WA are trialing DST for three years.
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf"><http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf></a>
# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
# Australia and Western Australia....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
# This is confirmed by the section entitled
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html"><http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html></a>.
#
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
# coast of the continent.
#
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
# the largest population centre in this zone....
#
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
#
# (2006-12-09):
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
# introduction of standard time in 1895.
# South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The rules from version 7.1 follow.
# There are lots of differences between these rules and
# the Shepherd et al. rules. Since the Shepherd et al. rules
# and Bradley White's newspaper article are in agreement on
# current DST ending dates, no worries.
#
# Rule        Oz        1971        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        -
# Rule        Oz        1986        max        -        Oct        Sun>=18        2:00        1:00        -
# Rule        Oz        1972        only        -        Feb        27        3:00        0        -
# Rule        Oz        1973        1986        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        -
# Rule        Oz        1987        max        -        Mar        Sun>=15        3:00        0        -
# Zone        Australia/Tasmania        10:00        Oz        EST
# Zone        Australia/South                9:30        Oz        CST
# Zone        Australia/Victoria        10:00        Oz        EST        1985 Oct lastSun 2:00
#                                10:00        1:00        EST        1986 Mar Sun>=15 3:00
#                                10:00        Oz        EST
# From Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# I believe that the current start date for DST is "lastSun" in Oct...
# that changed Oct 89. That is, we're back to the
# original rule, and that rule currently applies in all the states
# that have dst, incl Qld. (Certainly it was true in Vic).
# The file I'm including says that happened in 1988, I think
# that's incorrect, but I'm not 100% certain.
# South Australia
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
# #                                                [ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Zone        Australia/South                9:30        AS        %sST
# ...
# Rule         AS        1971        max        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule         AS        1972        1985        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        C
# Rule         AS        1986        1990        -        Mar        Sun>=15        3:00        0        C
# Rule         AS        1991        max        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        C
# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
# is on...
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
# Tasmania
# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #                                        [ Nov 1990 ]
# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).
# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
# instead of the first Sunday in October.
# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300">http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300</a>
# Victoria
# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# #                                                [ Nov 1990 ]
# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
# in Melbourne, Australia.
#
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
# expected time.
#
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
#
# [1] <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html">http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html</a>
# [2] <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.shrine.org.au">http://www.shrine.org.au</a>
# New South Wales
# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
# who notes:
#        In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
#        individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
#        [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
#        use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
#        legislation. This is very important to understand.
#        I have researched New South Wales time only...
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html">"http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html"</a>>
# Two months more daylight saving
# </a>
# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# See the following official NSW source:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ">"http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ"</a>>
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# </a>
#
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
# daylight saving next year. See:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm">"http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm"</a>>
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
#
# Victoria will following NSW. See:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm">"http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm"</a>>
# Vic to extend daylight saving
# </a> (1999-07-28).
#
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm">"http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm"</a>>
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
# </a> (1999-07-19).
#
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm">"http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm"</a>>
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
# I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules.''
#
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm">"http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm"</a>>
# Broken Hill to be behind the times
# </a> (1999-07-21).
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
# towns to use Queensland time.
# Yancowinna
# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
# #                                        [ Dec 1990 ]
# ...
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
# # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
# # presently available.
# Zone        Australia/Yancowinna        9:30         AY        %sST
# ...
# Rule         AY        1971        1985        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule         AY        1972        only        -        Feb        lastSun        3:00        0        C
# [followed by other Rules]
# Lord Howe Island
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# LHI...                [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
#                                        [ Dec 1990 ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
# date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
# arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
# instead of only 30 minutes. Dependant on the wishes of residents
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
###############################################################################
# New Zealand
# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# #                                 or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
# #        [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
# #                                [ Nov 1990 ]
# ...
# Rule        NZ 1974 1988        -        Oct        lastSun        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        NZ        1989        max        -        Oct        Sun>=1        2:00        1:00        D
# Rule        NZ 1975 1989        -        Mar        Sun>=1        3:00        0        S
# Rule        NZ        1990        max        -        Mar        lastSun        3:00        0        S
# ...
# Zone        NZ                        12:00        NZ                NZ%sT        # New Zealand
# Zone        NZ-CHAT                        12:45        -                NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
# rather than the October 1 value.
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
# as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
#
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
###############################################################################
# Fiji
# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
# millenium.
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml">http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml</a> (2000-09-13)
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
# Johnston
# Johnston data is from usno1995.
# Kiribati
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
# ``declared it the same day throught the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
# Kwajalein
# In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
# going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
# N Mariana Is, Guam
# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
# see Asia/Manila.
# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
# Micronesia
# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
#
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html">"http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html"</a>>
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
# </a> (1999-01-26)
# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
# Midway
# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm"><http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm></a> (2002-12-31):
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
# air at 6am your time.
#
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
# Pitcairn
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
#
#        The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
#        Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
#        as Pitcairn Standard Time.
#
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
# somehow in light of this proclamation.
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
# ... at midnight.
# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
# Samoa
# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
# Tonga
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
# <a href=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm">"http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm"</a>>
# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
# </a>:
# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
#
# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
#
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# minutes we have lost?"
#
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# Government.
# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
#
# I was given this link by John Letts:
# <a hef=<a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">"http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm"</a>>
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm</a>
# </a>
#
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# (12 + 1 hour DST).
# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
# According to <a href="<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html</a>>
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html">http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html</a>
# </a>:
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
# Back in March I found a notice on the website <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.tongaonline.com">http://www.tongaonline.com</a>
# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
# (Original URL was: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm">http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm</a> )
# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
# hour to 1:00am.
# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
# Wake
# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
#
# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
# impossible.
#
# <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm">http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm</a>
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
###############################################################################
# The International Date Line
# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
#
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
#
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.
# From Wikipedia <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"><http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone></a> (2005-08-31):
# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
# independent merchant ships until World War II.
# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
# (2005-03-20):
#
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
# <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187"><http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187></a>
# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.
</pre>
</blockquote>
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