<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">I would like to clarify one statement that I made earlier, since it seems to have been misunderstood.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><br></div><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><span class="gmail-"><blockquote type="cite"><div class="gmail-m_5382700709346873432WordSection1"><div style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1.5pt solid blue;padding:0in 0in 0in 4pt"><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif">It
appears that in Civil law, stemming from Roman law,
the terms are used define (i) laws governing the
activities of the state and the interaction between
the state and the individual or private entity vs.
laws governing the activities of individuals/private
entities and their interaction with each other.<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">MM:
That sounds _<i>very similar</i>_ to my statement
that p</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,73,125)">ublic
law is legislation/court precedent, private law is
contract</span><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:calibri,sans-serif;color:rgb(31,78,121)">.
“Laws governing the activities of the state and the
interaction between the state and the individual or
private entity” sounds a lot like legislation and
government regulation to me; “laws governing the
activities of individuals/private entities and their
interaction with each other” sounds a lot like
contract.</span></p></div></div></div></div></div></blockquote></span></div></blockquote><div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">GS: No, I was actually trying to say something quite different, and make a key distinction between the Civil Law concepts and the Common Law concepts (which Milton correctly stated). I was referring to laws passed by the state <u>in both instances</u>, not to party-made "law" in contracts (which are really "rules of engagement" and only "law" by analogy). I'll revise my sentence slightly:</div></div><div><br></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"> <b>It appears that in Civil law, stemming from Roman law, the terms <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">"public law" and "private law" </div>are used <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">to distinguish and </div>define<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">, respectively</div> (i) laws<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"> created by the state</div> governing the activities of the state and the interaction between the state and the individual or private entity vs. laws <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">created by the state </div>governing the activities of individuals/private entities and their interaction with each other.<div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"> Thus, in Civil Law, public law and private law together make up the entire body of state-created law. By contrast, in Common Law usage, at least in the U.S., "public law" refers to the entire body of state-created law.</div></b></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><b><br></b></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b></b>(As a side note, judge-made precedent generally does not have the binding effect in Civil Law that it does in Common Law, but that's not really relevant here.) <b></b></div><br></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b><br></b></div></font></div><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">Moving on, </div>I think <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">the distinction between "private law" and "public law" creates confusion rather than clarity in this discussion. Perhaps it would be better to distinguish between "state actions" (i.e., disputes initiated by the state against a private party) and "private actions" (i.e., disputes initiated by one private party against another).</div></span><br></div><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><br></div></span></div><div><span style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline">Greg</div></span></div><div><br></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b><br></b></div></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b><br></b></div></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b><br></b></div></font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;display:inline"><b><br></b></div></font></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote " style="margin:0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);border-right:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex;padding-right:1ex"></blockquote></div></div></div>