[tz] [PROPOSED PATCH 1/4] Prefer +-NN notation for UT-offset time zones in comments.

Paul Eggert eggert at cs.ucla.edu
Thu Aug 25 04:42:19 UTC 2016


Robert Elz wrote:
> I think UTC-1 is both more common, and less ambiguous than -01

You make a good point that "UTC-1" is less ambiguous in general English text. 
Unfortunately in tzdata commentary "UTC-1" is often not technically correct, as 
UTC is not defined for older time stamps.

With this in mind, how about if we change that commentary to use "UT -01" 
instead, as in the attached proposed patch. This should be clear enough within 
the tzdata context. The space after the "UT" encourages shorthands like "switch 
from UT -09 to -08" without having to repeat the "UT" all the time.

>   | -# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT+8
>   | +# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") -08
>
> cannot be right.

Thanks, good catch. Also fixed in the attached.


-------------- next part --------------
From 78ca3a3151a322df89e852fa04cfafaf8fd9d93e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Eggert <eggert at cs.ucla.edu>
Date: Wed, 24 Aug 2016 21:38:33 -0700
Subject: [PROPOSED PATCH] Prefer UT +-NN notation for UT-offset time zones in
 comments.

This does not change any code or data; just comments.
---
 NEWS         | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 Theory       |  2 +-
 africa       |  2 +-
 antarctica   |  2 +-
 asia         | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 australasia  | 18 +++++++++---------
 backzone     |  8 ++++----
 europe       |  2 +-
 northamerica |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index 7b105da..7882484 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ Release 2015d - 2015-04-24 08:09:46 -0700
 
   Changes affecting past time stamps
 
-    America/Whitehorse switched from -09 to -08 on 1967-05-28, not
+    America/Whitehorse switched from UT -09 to -08 on 1967-05-28, not
     1966-07-01.  Also, Yukon's time zone history is documented better.
     (Thanks to Brian Inglis and Dennis Ferguson.)
 
@@ -521,12 +521,12 @@ Release 2015c - 2015-04-11 08:55:55 -0700
 
       The 1918 transition was September 10, not September 1.
 
-      The -04 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to be
-      standard time, not year-round DST.
+      The UT -04 time observed from 1932 to 1942 is now considered to
+      be standard time, not year-round DST.
 
-      Santiago observed DST (-03) from 1946-07-15 through 1946-08-31,
-      then reverted to standard time, then switched its time zone to
-      -05 on 1947-04-01.
+      Santiago observed DST (UT -03) from 1946-07-15 through
+      1946-08-31, then reverted to standard time, then switched to -05
+      on 1947-04-01.
 
       Assume transitions before 1968 were at 00:00, since we have no data
       saying otherwise.
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ Release 2014j - 2014-11-10 17:37:11 -0800
 
   Changes affecting current and future time stamps
 
-    Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to -04 year-round
+    Turks & Caicos' switch from US eastern time to UT -04 year-round
     did not occur on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.  It's currently scheduled
     for 2015-11-01 at 02:00.  (Thanks to Chris Walton.)
 
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700
     years will use a similar pattern.
 
     A new Zone Pacific/Bougainville, for the part of Papua New Guinea
-    that plans to switch from +10 to +11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.
+    that plans to switch from UT +10 to +11 on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.
     (Thanks to Kiley Walbom for the heads-up.)
 
   Changes affecting time zone abbreviations
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ Release 2014i - 2014-10-21 22:04:57 -0700
     to its more-traditional value MSK on 2014-10-26 at 01:00.
     (Thanks to Alexander Bokovoy for the heads-up about Belarus.)
 
-    The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of +08 in
+    The new abbreviation IDT stands for the pre-1976 use of UT +08 in
     Indochina, to distinguish it better from ICT (+07).
 
   Changes affecting past time stamps
@@ -813,8 +813,8 @@ Release 2014g - 2014-08-28 12:31:23 -0700
 
   Changes affecting future time stamps
 
-    Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to -04 year-round,
-    modeled as a switch from EST/EDT to AST on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.
+    Turks & Caicos is switching from US eastern time to UT -04
+    year-round, modeled as a switch on 2014-11-02 at 02:00.
     [As noted in 2014j, this switch was later delayed.]
 
   Changes affecting past time stamps
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700
     This change does not affect UTC offsets, only time zone abbreviations.
     (Thanks to Rich Tibbett and many others.)
 
-    Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on +07)
+    Asia/Novokuznetsk shifts from NOVT to KRAT (remaining on UT +07)
     effective 2014-10-26 at 02:00 local time.
 
     The time zone abbreviation for Xinjiang Time (observed in Ürümqi)
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700
     zones Asia/Harbin, Asia/Chongqing, and Asia/Kashgar have been
     removed; backwards-compatibility links still work, albeit with
     different behaviors for time stamps before May 1980.  Asia/Urumqi's
-    1980 transition to +08 has been removed, so that it is now at
+    1980 transition to UT +08 has been removed, so that it is now at
     +06 and not +08.  (Thanks to Luther Ma and to Alois Treindl;
     Treindl sent helpful translations of two papers by Guo Qingsheng.)
 
@@ -1057,8 +1057,8 @@ Release 2014f - 2014-08-05 17:42:36 -0700
     Europe/Helsinki's 1942 fall-back transition was 10-04 at 01:00, not
     10-03 at 00:00.  (Thanks to Konstantin Hyppönen.)
 
-    Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from -11:30 to -11 for the period
-    from 1911 to 1950.
+    Pacific/Pago_Pago has been changed from UT -11:30 to -11 for the
+    period from 1911 to 1950.
 
     Pacific/Chatham has been changed to New Zealand standard time plus
     45 minutes for the period before 1957, reflecting a 1956 remark in
@@ -1385,15 +1385,15 @@ Release 2013h - 2013-10-25 15:32:32 -0700
 
   Changes affecting current and future time stamps:
 
-    Libya has switched its time zone back to +02 without DST,
-    instead of +01 with DST.  (Thanks to Even Scharning.)
+    Libya has switched its UT offset back to +02 without DST, instead
+    of +01 with DST.  (Thanks to Even Scharning.)
 
     Western Sahara (Africa/El_Aaiun) uses Morocco's DST rules.
     (Thanks to Gwillim Law.)
 
   Changes affecting future time stamps:
 
-    Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from -04 to -05
+    Acre and (we guess) western Amazonas will switch from UT -04 to -05
     on 2013-11-10.  This affects America/Rio_Branco and America/Eirunepe.
     (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
 
@@ -1480,7 +1480,7 @@ Release 2013f - 2013-09-24 23:37:36 -0700
     Tocantins will very likely not observe DST starting this spring.
     (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
 
-    Jordan will likely stay at +03 indefinitely, and will not fall
+    Jordan will likely stay at UT +03 indefinitely, and will not fall
     back this fall.
 
     Palestine will fall back at 00:00, not 01:00.  (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
@@ -1537,7 +1537,7 @@ Release 2013e - 2013-09-19 23:50:04 -0700
     Benny Lin.)  This affects Asia/Dili, Asia/Jakarta, Asia/Jayapura,
     Asia/Makassar, and Asia/Pontianak.
 
-    Use ART (-03, standard time), rather than WARST (also UTC-3, but
+    Use ART (UT -03, standard time), rather than WARST (also -03, but
     daylight saving time) for San Luis, Argentina since 2009.
 
   Changes affecting Godthåb time stamps after 2037 if version mismatch
@@ -1994,7 +1994,7 @@ Release 2012f - 2012-09-12 23:17:03 -0700
 
 Release 2012e - 2012-08-02 20:44:55 -0700
 
-  * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is +13, not +14.
+  * australasia (Pacific/Fakaofo): Tokelau is UT +13, not +14.
     (Thanks to Steffen Thorsen.)
 
   * Use a single version number for both code and data.
diff --git a/Theory b/Theory
index d8d3882..6d7342c 100644
--- a/Theory
+++ b/Theory
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ Errors in the tz database arise from many sources:
 
  * Sometimes historical timekeeping was specified more precisely
    than what the tz database can handle.  For example, from 1909 to
-   1937 Netherlands clocks were legally +00:19:32.13, but the tz
+   1937 Netherlands clocks were legally UT +00:19:32.13, but the tz
    database cannot represent the fractional second.
 
  * Even when all the timestamp transitions recorded by the tz database
diff --git a/africa b/africa
index 43c8e23..d35aaa5 100644
--- a/africa
+++ b/africa
@@ -464,7 +464,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Monrovia	-0:43:08 -	LMT	1882
 # http://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2013-10-25):
-# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent +02.
+# For now, assume they're reverting to the pre-2012 rules of permanent UT +02.
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
 Rule	Libya	1951	only	-	Oct	14	2:00	1:00	S
diff --git a/antarctica b/antarctica
index f8b4bfb..e461fcf 100644
--- a/antarctica
+++ b/antarctica
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #	previously sealers and scientific personnel wintered
 #	Margaret Turner reports
 #	http://web.archive.org/web/20021204222245/http://www.dstc.qut.edu.au/DST/marg/daylight.html
-#	(1999-09-30) that they're UTC+5, with no DST;
+#	(1999-09-30) that they're UT +05, with no DST;
 #	presumably this is when they have visitors.
 #
 # year-round bases
diff --git a/asia b/asia
index a935476..e285326 100644
--- a/asia
+++ b/asia
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai."  Guess that the
-# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with +08.
+# Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
 #
 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
@@ -389,26 +389,26 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
 #
-# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) +08:30
+# Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
 # Asia/Harbin (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
 #
-# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") -08
+# Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
 # Asia/Shanghai
 # most of China
 # This currently represents most other zones as well,
 # as apparently these regions have been the same since 1970.
 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
-# Guo says Shanghai switched to +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
+# Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
 #
-# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of that area) +07
+# Long-shu Time (probably due to Long and Shu being two names of the area) UT +07
 # Asia/Chongqing (currently a link to Asia/Shanghai)
 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; west Qinghai; and the Guangdong
 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
 #
-# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") +06
+# Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
 # Asia/Urumqi
 # This currently represents Kunlun Time as well,
 # as apparently the two regions have been the same since 1970.
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
 #
-# Kunlun Time +05:30
+# Kunlun Time UT +05:30
 # Asia/Kashgar (currently a link to Asia/Urumqi)
 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 #
 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
-# hours behind Beijing time, or UTC +0600. The government of the Xinjiang
+# hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
@@ -493,8 +493,8 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # having the same time as Beijing.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
-# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (+06) but
-# this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
+# In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
+# but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ Rule	PRC	1987	1991	-	Apr	Sun>=10	0:00	1:00	D
 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
 # quite a trick.  Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
-# +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
+# UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
 # guess) as the transition from LMT.  Ignore the usage of +08 before
 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Hong_Kong	7:36:42 -	LMT	1904 Oct 30
 # be found from historical government announcement database.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
-# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at +09 from 1937-10-01
+# As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
 
@@ -917,7 +917,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880        # Kolkata
 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
-# from +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
+# from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
 # (Hollandia).  For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
 # switched on 1945-09-23.
 #
@@ -928,7 +928,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Kolkata	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880        # Kolkata
 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
-# The abbreviations are:
+# The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
 #
 # WIB  - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
@@ -2041,7 +2041,7 @@ Zone	Indian/Maldives	4:54:00 -	LMT	1880 # Male
 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
 # Windows XP as the source.  Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
-# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (+07, +08) with no DST.
+# travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
 # He also found
@@ -2677,7 +2677,7 @@ Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
 # earlier date.
 #
 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
-# time zones; the other zone, at +04, was in the far eastern part of
+# time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
 # the country.  Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
 #
 # Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
diff --git a/australasia b/australasia
index fe77d07..f49df1d 100644
--- a/australasia
+++ b/australasia
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
 #
-# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for +09, these dates
+# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 -	LMT	1880
 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
 #
-# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from +10 to +11
+# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00.  They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
 # abbreviate this as BST.  See:
 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
@@ -620,7 +620,7 @@ Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
 # The International Date Line Act 2011
 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
-# changed Samoa from -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
+# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
 # Thursday 29th December 2011".  The International Date Line was adjusted
 # accordingly.
 
@@ -715,7 +715,7 @@ Zone Pacific/Funafuti	11:56:52 -	LMT	1901
 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
 # uninhabited thereafter.
-# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (-10:30) in 1937;
+# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
@@ -1473,7 +1473,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # Zealand time.  I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
-# LMT back when New Zealand was at +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
+# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
 
 ###############################################################################
@@ -1529,7 +1529,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
 # see Asia/Manila.
 
-# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made +10 the official standard time,
+# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time".  There is no official abbreviation,
 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
@@ -1541,14 +1541,14 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
 #
-# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from +10 to +11
+# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
 
 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
-# that Truk and Yap are +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
+# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
 
 
@@ -1615,7 +1615,7 @@ Zone	Pacific/Wallis	12:15:20 -	LMT	1901
 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
 
-# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to -11:30
+# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
diff --git a/backzone b/backzone
index 27a5472..4a5085f 100644
--- a/backzone
+++ b/backzone
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ Zone	Africa/Lusaka	1:53:08 -	LMT	1903 Mar
 
 # Equatorial Guinea
 #
-# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
+# Although Shanks says that Malabo switched from UT +00 to +01 on 1963-12-15,
 # a Google Books search says that London Calling, Issues 432-465 (1948), p 19,
 # says that Spanish Guinea was at +01 back then.  The Shanks data entries
 # are most likely wrong, but we have nothing better; use them here for now.
@@ -479,13 +479,13 @@ Zone	Asia/Muscat	3:54:24 -	LMT	1920
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
-# Portuguese India switched to +05 on 1912-01-01.
+# Portuguese India switched to UT +05 on 1912-01-01.
 #Zone	Asia/Panaji	[not enough info to complete]
 
 # Cambodia
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
 # See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.  Also, guess
-# (1) Cambodia reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
+# (1) Cambodia reverted to UT +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did, and
 # (2) they also reverted to +07 on 1953-11-09, the date of independence.
 # These guesses are probably wrong but they're better than guessing no
 # transitions there.
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ Zone	Asia/Tel_Aviv	2:19:04 -	LMT	1880
 # Laos
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-11):
 # See Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh for the source for most of this data.
-# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to +07 on 1955-04-15.
+# Trần's book says that Laos reverted to UT +07 on 1955-04-15.
 # Also, guess that Laos reverted to +07 on 1945-09-02, when Vietnam did;
 # this is probably wrong but it's better than guessing no transition.
 Zone	Asia/Vientiane	6:50:24 -	LMT	1906 Jul  1
diff --git a/europe b/europe
index 3a1f9db..21d3a71 100644
--- a/europe
+++ b/europe
@@ -1309,7 +1309,7 @@ Zone	Europe/Paris	0:09:21 -	LMT	1891 Mar 15  0:01
 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
-# this was equivalent to +03, not +04.
+# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
 
 
 # Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
diff --git a/northamerica b/northamerica
index 0c069bb..0bafb00 100644
--- a/northamerica
+++ b/northamerica
@@ -3312,7 +3312,7 @@ Zone America/Miquelon	-3:44:40 -	LMT	1911 May 15 # St Pierre
 # indicating that the normal ET rules are followed.
 #
 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-19):
-# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on -04 year-round.  See:
+# The 2014-08-13 Cabinet meeting decided to stay on UT -04 year-round.  See:
 # http://tcweeklynews.com/daylight-savings-time-to-be-maintained-p5353-127.htm
 # Model this as a switch from EST/EDT to AST ...
 # From Chris Walton (2014-11-04):
-- 
2.7.4


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